A low phase noise ring oscillator phase-locked loop for wireless applications

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 129).This thesis describes the circuit level design of a 900MHz [Sigma][Detta] ring oscillator based phase-locked loop using 0.35[mu]m technology. Multiple phase noise theories are considered giving insight into low phase-noise voltage controlled oscillator design. The circuit utilizes a fully symmetric differential voltage controlled oscillator with cascode current starved inverters to reduces current noise. A compact multi-modulus prescaler is presented, based on modified true single-phase clock flip-flops with integrated logic. A fully differential charge pump with switched-capacitor common mode feedback is utilized in conjunction with a nonlinear phase-frequency detector for accelerated acquisition time.by Colin Weltin-Wu.M.Eng

An Analog Multiphase Self-Calibrating DLL to Minimize the Effects of Process, Supply Voltage, and Temperature Variations

Delay locked loops have been found to be useful tools in such applications as computing, TDCs, and communications. These system can be found in space exploration vehicles and satellites, which operate in extreme environments. Unfortunately, in these environments supply voltage and temperature will not be constant, therefore they must be under consideration when designing a DLL. Furthermore, solar radiation in conjunction with the varying environmental aspects, could cause the delay locked loop to lose it locked state. Delay locked loops are inherently good at tracking these environmental aspects, but in order to do so, the voltage controlled delay line must exhibit a very large gain, which translates to a large capture range. Assuming charged particles hit a key node in the DLL (e.g. the control voltage), the DLL would lose lock and would have to recapture it. Depending on the severity of the uctuation, this relocking process could easily take on the order of many microseconds assuming the bandwidth was kept low to minimize jitter. To date, no delay locked loops have been published for extreme environment applications. In many other extreme environment circuits, calibration techniques have been applied to minimize the environmental effects. Whereas there have been multiple calibration methods published related to delay locked loops, none of them were intended for extreme environments. Furthermore, none of these methods are directly suitable for an analog multiphase delay locked loop. The self-calibrating DLL in this work includes an all digital calibration circuit, as well as a system transient monitor. The coarse calibration helps minimize global process, voltage, and temperature errors for an analog multiphase DLL. The system monitor is used to detect any transients that might cause the DLL to unlock, which could be used to allow the DLL to be recalibrated to the new environmental conditions. The presented measurement results will demonstrate that the DLL can be used in extreme environments such as space, or other extreme environment applications

Major Concerns In Clock Recovery Of Manchester Encoded Data Using a Phase Lock Loop

Clock Recovery Circuits are used for recovering clock and data from the signal received which becomes noisy and mistimed while traveling. The target application of this thesis is the recovery of clock and data from Manchester encoded data stream generated by a Manchester Encoder-Decoder designed using the Harsh Environment Cell Library of MSVLSI lab. This thesis also presents its successful test results for temperatures up to 195C. Clock Recovery Systems use PLL whose charge pump generates the control signal for the VCO; any disturbance on its output affects the VCO and locking behavior of the PLL. Thus factors contributing to its non-ideal operation and ways to minimize them are discussed. A new term called "frequency jump", referring to the frequency shifts due to non-ideal charge pump operation, is coined. A technique is proposed which attempts to avoid "kink effect" in 0.5u Peregrine SOS transistors of the VCO as it prevents them from biasing up to the designed levels.School of Electrical & Computer Engineerin

Clock And Data Recovery Using Bang-bang Pll’s

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2008Bu çalışmada, saat ve data işaretlerinin yeniden çıkarımında kullanılan iki konumlu faz kititlemeli çevrimlerden bahsedilmiştir. Sistem seviyesinde hızlı simülasyonlar yapabilmek amacıyla çevrim elemanlarının davranışsal modelleri geliştirilmiştir. İki konumlu kontrol sistemlerinin el ile analizinin oldukça zor olmasından dolayı modelleme zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Ayrıca gerçeklenen elemanların idealsizliklerinden kaynaklanan davranışlar da olabilidiğince modellenmeye çalışılmıştır. Söz konusu faz kilitlemeli çevrimlerin sistem seviyesinde sağlaması gereken özelliklerin kabaca hesaplanması ve datadaki değişim sıklığının bu özellikleri nasıl etkilediği anlatılmıştır. Çevrim elemanlarının tranzistör seviyesinde nasıl gerçeklendiklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Çok kullanılan bir ring osilatör yapısı olan simetrik yüklü osilatör (Maneatis yük) çevrimde etkili bir şekilde kullanabilmek amacıyla modifiye edilmiştir. Osilatörün üretim ve sıcaklık değişimlerini tolere edebilmesi için kazancının yüksek olması gerekir. Bu da sistemin harici gürültü kaynaklarına (besleme, taban gürültüsü gibi) olan duyarlılığını oldukça arttırmaktadır. Bu nedenle osilatörü otomatik olarak kalibre eden bir teknik geliştirilmiştir. Değişik faz kilitlemeli çevrimlere uygulanabilen teknik için osilatörün akım kontollü olması gerekmektedir. Frekans kitlenmesi gerçekleştikten sonra osilatörün akımı bir analog-sayısal çevirici ile örneklenmekte ve asıl sistem bu nokta etrafında daha dar bir bölgede çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca, sıcaklıktan kaynaklanabilecek değişimler de analog-sayısal dönüştürücünün refererans akımı üzerinden kompanze edilmektedir. Son olarak, tasarlanan sistemin simülasyon sonuçları verilmiştir. 0.18um CMOS teknolojisinde tasarlanan devre 5Gb/s data hızlarında çalışabilmektedir.In this work, bang-bang PLL structures, which are extensively used in clock and data recovery systems, are investigated. Behavioral models of loop elements are created to do faster simulations in system level. This step is mandatory in bang-bang systems, which are hard to analyze with simple calculations. Some non-idealities of real circuit elements are inserted to these models. System level design issues of bang-bang PLL’s are discussed and the effect of data transition density to system specifications is mentioned. Transistor level implementations of loop elements are described. A popular delay cell with symmetric loads (Maneatis cell) is modified to be used effectively in a bang-bang loop. Gain of the VCO seems very large after initial design, which is required to cover the operating frequency range over process and temperature corners. Large gain makes the system prone to external noise sources such as noise from power supply, substrate etc. Therefore, an automatic calibration method is developed to reduce the VCO gain. This technique can be applied to any current controlled oscillators in various phase locked loops. After frequency lock is achieved, current of the oscillator is sampled by a current mode ADC and a narrower range is generated around that point. Additionally, frequency variation due to temperature is compensated through the specifically designed reference current of ADC. Finally, simulation results of CDR and calibration circuits are given. CDR is designed in 0.18um CMOS technology and can operate at 5Gb/s data rate.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

A 12-b 50Msample/s Pipeline Analog to Digital Converter

This thesis focuses on the performace of pipeline converters and their integration on mixed signal processes. With this in mind, a 12-b 50MHz pipeline ADC has been realized in a 0.6um digital CMOS process. The architecture is based on a 1.5-b per stage structure utilizing digital correction for the first six stages. A differeintial switched capacitor circuit consisting of a cascode gm-c op-amp with 250MHz of bandwidth is used for sampling and amplification in each stage. Comparators with an internal offset voltage are used to implement the decision levels required for the 1.5-b per stage structure. Correction of the pipeline is accomplished by measuring the offset and gain of each of the first six stages using subsequent stages. The measured values are used to calculate digtal values the compensate for the inaccuracies of the analog pipeline. Corrected digital values for each stage are stored in the pipeline and used to create corrected output codes. Errors caused by measuring the first six stages using uncalibrated stages are minimized by using extra switching circuitry during calibration

NA

http://www.archive.org/details/theorydesignofco00hinkU.S. Navy (U.S.N.) author

Concepts in LSI servo-control-electronics

This thesis deals with the engineering aspects of control electronics. It examines modern concepts of servo-control theory in the light of recent developments in the technology of monolithic circuits. Applicational considerations are slanted towards Aerospace standards of reliability and power-consumption economy. Conclusions drawn from the discussion of fabrication constraints and performance requirements lead to a preference for digital implementations. Yield problems on one hand and aging effects on the other greatly reduce the feasibility rating of analog arrays. Current practice in servo-control electronics revolves around purely analog implementations, sampled-data systems and Primitive on-off arrangements. The motivation behind the status quo and the justification of the proposed approach are discussed in detail. The organization of digital systems is examined in order to demonstrate the feasibility of Large Scale Integration (LSI) in servo-control electronics. The questions of hardware versatility and power-dissipation economy are emphasized from technological, economical and applicational standpoints. Self-Contained loops and Computer-Aided systems investigated within the ramifications of a functional division into Detectors, Compensators and Drivers. Differential Frequency Modulation is assumed to effect the information transfer from the Pick-Off coil of the transducer to tie input ports of the Ratemeter. Pulse Width-Frequency Modulation is employed at the Driver-Torquer interface. The operation of the Ratameter conforms with classical logic, except for a slope-independent Level-Crossing-Discriminator (LCD), which is designed to provide a time-resolution gain of 3 db. over conventional frequency detectors. Circuit detais of the LCD are given in order to illustrate differences between integrated and discrete circuit configurations. Two types of compensators are discussed: canonic pole-zero arrangements with ROM multipliers and Kalman fiiters with stored-program implementations of covariance equations. The concept of Pulse-Width-Frequency-Modulation (PWFM) is introduced co reconcile the dynamic-range requirements or servo-control drivers with the time-resolution limitations of power transistors. Simple means of implementation of PWFM are also given; they take the form. of a combination of logic-gates and DDA elements, a technique which could be used to advantage in other applications, especially digital detection and filtration

Design considerations for a monolithic, GaAs, dual-mode, QPSK/QASK, high-throughput rate transceiver

A monolithic, GaAs, dual mode, quadrature amplitude shift keying and quadrature phase shift keying transceiver with one and two billion bits per second data rate is being considered to achieve a low power, small and ultra high speed communication system for satellite as well as terrestrial purposes. Recent GaAs integrated circuit achievements are surveyed and their constituent device types are evaluated. Design considerations, on an elemental level, of the entire modem are further included for monolithic realization with practical fabrication techniques. Numerous device types, with practical monolithic compatability, are used in the design of functional blocks with sufficient performances for realization of the transceiver