Development of a Single-Phase PWM-Based Dc-To-Dc Converter for Electric Bicycle

An electric bicycle is a bicycle that can be operated automatically or manually. The main difference between an electric bicycle and a normal bicycle is that the speed controller of the DC motor attached to the electric bicycle can control the speed of the electric bicycle. It is suitable for a short distance transportation mode. The advantages of the electric bicycle include better speed performance, no pollution, convenient to use, inexpensive and require less maintenance. The objective of this project was to develop a single-phase PWM-based DC-to-DC converter for an electric bicycle. The electric bicycle consisted of a lead-acid battery, a DC-to-DC converter, a permanent magnet DC motors and the bicycle itself. The single-phase converter used pulse width modulation (PWM) switching with an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) as power device. The speed of the motors was controlled through the duty cycle of the PWM signal. A protection circuit for the converter was also included in the design. A voltage level monitoring system was developed for the electric bicycle to monitor its lead-acid battery voltage level. A new bicycle pulley system was designed and constructed to integrate mechanical and electrical parts of the bicycle. Results of the experimental and simulation showed that there was a good agreement between the hardware and the software. This indicates that the single-phase PWM based DC-to-DC converter was successfully developed

Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicycle

With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide  torque to wheels .The old design of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through alternator is 1 hour and the bicycle can attain a maximum speed of 15 km/hr. This work is more beneficial in hilly region and confined areas like college campus and schools, generating zero pollution, zero noise effect and no fuel consumption. Keywords: Dual chargeable bicycle, EABs, EPBs, Battery, Alternator, Controller

Optimization of a low weight electronic differential for LEVs

It is presented a performance analysis of an Electronic Differential (ED) system designed for Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs). We have developed a test tricycle vehicle with one front steering wheel and two rear fixed units is a same axis with a brushless DC integrated in each of them. Each motor has an independent controller unit and a common Arduino electronic CPU based that can plan specific speeds for each wheels as curves are being traced. Different implementations of sensors (input current/torque, steering angle and speed of the wheels) are discussed related to hardware complexity, and performance obtained based on speed level requirements and slipping on the traction wheels.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Synthesis of Minimal Error Control Software

Software implementations of controllers for physical systems are at the core of many embedded systems. The design of controllers uses the theory of dynamical systems to construct a mathematical control law that ensures that the controlled system has certain properties, such as asymptotic convergence to an equilibrium point, while optimizing some performance criteria. However, owing to quantization errors arising from the use of fixed-point arithmetic, the implementation of this control law can only guarantee practical stability: under the actions of the implementation, the trajectories of the controlled system converge to a bounded set around the equilibrium point, and the size of the bounded set is proportional to the error in the implementation. The problem of verifying whether a controller implementation achieves practical stability for a given bounded set has been studied before. In this paper, we change the emphasis from verification to automatic synthesis. Using synthesis, the need for formal verification can be considerably reduced thereby reducing the design time as well as design cost of embedded control software. We give a methodology and a tool to synthesize embedded control software that is Pareto optimal w.r.t. both performance criteria and practical stability regions. Our technique is a combination of static analysis to estimate quantization errors for specific controller implementations and stochastic local search over the space of possible controllers using particle swarm optimization. The effectiveness of our technique is illustrated using examples of various standard control systems: in most examples, we achieve controllers with close LQR-LQG performance but with implementation errors, hence regions of practical stability, several times as small.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figure

Design of a Feedback-Controlled Wireless Converter for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Applications

Electric vehicles (EVs) have played an important role in the modern transporta-tion system in recent years. However, current generations of EVs face unsolved drawbacks such as short driving range, long charging time, and high cost due to expensive battery systems. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a promising technology that is able to mitigate the drawbacks EVs are facing. This paper focuses on investigating and building a complete high-efficiency WPT system that is capable of efficiently charging electric vehicles. The goal is to design and ap-ply two different configurations of compensation networks to the WPT system. In this paper, the two compensation network configurations studied are LLC and LCC. After comparing their operational characteristics and efficiencies, the most suitable configuration is proposed. Moreover, a phase-shifted controller is applied in order to regulate the power transferred through the WPT system

Model Predictive torque vectoring control for electric vehicles near the limits of handling

In this paper we propose a constrained optimal control architecture to stabilize a vehicle near the limit of lateral acceleration using the rear axle electric torque vectoring configuration of an electric vehicle. A nonlinear vehicle and tyre model is employed to find reference steady-state cornering conditions as well as to design a linear Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy using the rear wheels' slip ratios as input. A Sliding Mode Slip Controller then calculates the necessary motor torques according to the requested wheel slip ratios. After analysing the relative trade-offs between performance and computational effort for the MPC strategy, we validate the controller and compare it against a simpler unconstrained optimal control strategy in a high fidelity simulation environment

A Comparison Between Coupled and Decoupled Vehicle Motion Controllers Based on Prediction Models

In this work, a comparative study is carried out with two different predictive controllers that consider the longitudinal jerk and steering rate change as additional parameters, as additional parameters, so that comfort constraints can be included. Furthermore, the approaches are designed so that the effect of longitudinal and lateral motion control coupling can be analyzed. This way, the first controller is a longitudinal and lateral coupled MPC approach based on a kinematic model of the vehicle, while the second is a decoupled strategy based on a triple integrator model based on MPC for the longitudinal control and a double proportional curvature control for the lateral motion control. The control architecture and motion planning are exhaustively explained. The comparative study is carried out using a test vehicle, whose dynamics and low-level controllers have been simulated using the realistic simulation environment Dynacar. The performed tests demonstrate the effectiveness of both approaches in speeds higher than 30 km/h, and demonstrate that the coupled strategy provides better performance than the decoupled one. The relevance of this work relies in the contribution of vehicle motion controllers considering the comfort and its advantage over decoupled alternatives for future implementation in real vehicles.This work has been conducted within the ENABLE-S3 project that has received funding from the ECSEL Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No 692455. This work was developed at Tecnalia Research & Innovation facilities supporting this research