Realisasi Sistem Switch Lampu Penerangan Ruangan Otomatis Untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Energi Listrik

Penghematan energi listrik sangat bergantung pada perilaku dan kesadaran manusia. Sekitar 80% keberhasilan kegiatan konservasi energi ditentukan oleh faktor manusia, sedangkan 20% lagi bergantung teknologi dan peralatan. Salah satu solusi alternatif dalam permasalahan ini adalah menerapkan sistem otomasi sehingga secara otomatis menghidupkan dan mematikan lampu ruangan dengan mendeteksi keberadaan manusia di dalam ruangan. Dalam penulisan ini melakukan realisasi rancangan  agar dapat dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai fitting ekstensi otomatis dalam upaya penghematan daya listrik. Penelitian ini juga membandingkan disipasi daya yang timbul saat lampu tidak menyala dengan lampu sensor gerak yang ada di pasaran.  Realisasi rancangan terdiri dari dua sistem yaitu, menggunakan sensor PIR terintegrasi pewaktu NE555 dan sensor PIR terintegrasi mikrokontroler Atmega 8 SMD. Hasil yang dicapai adalah, disipasi daya lampu sensor gerak  type LED di pasaran adalah 6,2 Watt, lampu penerangan ruangan otomatis terintegrasi pewaktu IC555 lebih efisien 79,26% dibandingkan lampu sensor gerak di pasaran, lampu penerangan ruangan otomatis terintegrasi mikrokontroler atmega 8 lebih efisien 60,39% dibandingkan lampu sensor gerak di pasaran. Kata Kunci: Efisiensi, Lampu Otomatis, Light Fitting, Mikrokontroler, Sensor gerak, Time

Literature review - Energy saving potential of user-centered integrated lighting solutions

Measures for the reduction of electric energy loads for lighting have predominantly focussed on increasing the efficiency of lighting systems. This efficiency has now reached levels unthinkable a few decades ago. However, a focus on mere efficiency is physically limiting, and does not necessarily ensure that the anticipated energy savings actually materialize. There are technical and non-technical reasons because of which effective integration of lighting solutions and their controls, and thus a reduction in energy use, does not happen. This literature review aims to assess the energy saving potential of integrated daylight and electric lighting design and controls, especially with respect to user preferences and behaviour. It does so by collecting available scientific knowledge and experience on daylighting, electric lighting, and related control systems, as well as on effective strategies for their integration. Based on this knowledge, the review suggests design processes, innovative design strategies and design solutions which – if implemented appropriately – could improve user comfort, health, well-being and productivity, while saving energy as well as the operation and maintenance of lighting systems. The review highlights also regulatory, technical, and design challenges hindering energy savings. Potential energy savings are reported from the retrieved studies. However, these savings derived from separate studies are dependent on their specific contexts, which lowers the ecological validity of the findings. Studies on strategies based on behavioural interventions, like information, feedback, and social norms, did not report energy saving performance. This is an interesting conclusion, since the papers indicate high potentials that deserve further exploration. Quantifying potential savings is fundamental to fostering large scale adoption of user-driven strategies, since this would allow at least a rough estimation of returns for the investors. However, such quantification requires that studies are designed with an inter-disciplinary approach. The literature also shows that strategies, where there is more communication between façade and lighting designers, are more successful in integrated design, which calls for more communication between stakeholders in future building processes

Developing Flexible, Networked Lighting Control Systems That Reliably Save Energy in California Buildings

An important strategy to meet California's ambitious energy efficiency goals is to use innovative wireless communications, embedded sensors, data analytics and controls to significantly reduce lighting energy use in commercial buildings. This project developed a suite of networked lighting solutions to further this goal. The technologies include a platform for low-cost sensing, distributed intelligence and communications, the “PermaMote,” which is a self-powered sensor and controller for lighting applications. The project team also developed a task ambient daylighting system that integrates sensors with data-driven daylighting control using an open communication interface, called the “Readings-At-Desk” (RAD) system. To address the problem of building occupants being confused about how to operate traditional lighting control systems, the research team created content that could be the basis for a user interface standard for lighting controls. Finally, to address the difficulty of ensuring that advanced lighting control systems actually deliver their promised energy savings, the project team developed a new method for evaluating and specifying lighting systems’ performance. The research team validated these technologies in the laboratory, showing significant lighting energy savings, up to 73% for the PermaMote sensor system from occupancy control and daylight dimming features, compared to the same light source (LED replacement lamps) operated via simple on/off scheduling. The project team also developed a proposed standard lighting data model and user interface elements, which were contributed to the ANSI Lighting Systems Committee (C137) for standardization. Existing data models are incomplete and inconsistent, whereas the lighting-specific data model developed here is clear and comprehensive, to serve as a starting point for creating common, universally agreed upon semantic definitions of key lighting parameters, to promote interoperability. For the task on verifiable performance of lighting systems, the project team developed a more effective metric for capturing the actual energy impact of a lighting system over time — the energy usage intensity (kWh/ft2/year). Three commercial lighting systems were tested in FLEXLAB® using this new metric, and the tests show a wide range in the accuracy of the self-reported energy-use metric, from 0.5% to 28% error compared to direct measurement of lighting energy using dedicated submeters. Overall, the project team estimates that these advanced technologies can reduce California office lighting energy use by 20% (above and beyond normal advanced lighting controls mandated by Title 24), resulting in about 1,600 GWh/year in savings

A net-positive energy building assessment: commissioning and COVID-19 insights

The built sector is responsible for 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions, which inspired solutions including net-zero energy buildings to reduce environmental impacts. Several factors impact energy consumption including finetuning activities that take place after construction and how occupants interact with different building components. Many building energy studies take a simulation approach to estimate energy performance. There are limited studies looking at empirical office operations, especially in Northern climates. This study investigated a case study building in Waterloo, Ontario, using quantitative energy data from three and a half years of building operation and qualitative data from key informant interviews to gain a holistic understanding of building operations. The investigation was divided in two main parts, answering questions related to the performance gap, building commissioning and COVID-19. Firstly, the difference between predictions of energy consumption from the design phase and measured energy consumption was investigated. Actions taken by the building operator to close the difference between measured and predicted heating, ventilating and air conditioning energy consumption and work towards meeting the design intent were analyzed. In the second portion of the study, the focus shifted towards more occupant impacted loads such as lighting and plug loads (e.g., computers, fridges, personal space heaters). Energy consumption from 2019 was considered as the baseline and it was compared to minimal occupancy in 2021 and medium occupancy due to increased remote working during 2022. Statistical analysis was completed to test the significance of the differences in the energy consumption levels between the three modes of occupancy. Lastly, hourly profiles were analyzed to estimate occupant presence and schedules during typical work and nonwork days. Highlights of the results show that building commissioning reduced total energy consumption by 15%, while reduced occupancy led to a 10% decrease. Low sensitivity to outdoor conditions (e.g., irradiance and outdoor temperature) on energy consumption was also observed. Future research can consider investigating commissioning projects’ energy savings from other Canadian offices with similar design goals (e.g., net-zero energy) and uncovering a relationship between occupancy (i.e., uncovered through occupant sensor data) and energy consumption

Analysis, modeling and design of energy management and multisource power systems

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 581-596).Transformative impacts on our energy security rely on creative approaches for consumption and generation of electricity. Technological contributions can impact both areas if they focus on problems of scale. For example, occupancy-based electrical loads (HVAC and lighting) accounted for roughly 50% of the total consumed electricity in the U.S. in 2008. Meanwhile, roughly 50% of consumed oil in the U.S. is imported. The U.S. Department of Energy has appropriately identified "sensing and measurement" as one of the "five fundamental technologies" essential for achieving energy security. Complementing reductions in consumption with increases in deployment of fossil-fuel-independent generation (solar and wind) and energy storage (batteries, capacitors and fuel cells) will yield a two-fold impact. Lofty energy security goals can be made realizable by aggressive application of inexpensive technologies for minimizing waste and by maximizing energy availability from desirable sources. Long-standing problems in energy consumption and generation can be addressed by adding degrees of freedom to sensing and power conversion systems using multiple electrical sources. This principal drove the invention of the hybrid electric vehicle, which achieves efficiency increases by combining the energy capacity of gasoline with the flexible storage capability of batteries. Similarly, fresh strategies for electrical circuit design, control, and estimation in systems with multiple electrical sources can minimize consumption, extend the useful life of storage, and improve the efficiency of generation. A solar array constitutes a grid or network of panels or cells that may best be modeled and treated as independent sources needing careful control to maximize overall power generation. A fuel cell stack, an array of sources in its own right, is best used in a hybrid arrangement with batteries or capacitors to mitigate the impact of electrical transients. Meanwhile, room lighting constitutes a network of multiple electrostatic field sources that can be particularly useful for occupancy detection. Exploiting performance benefits of multi-source electrical networks requires an increased flexibility in the analysis required to make informed design choices. This thesis addresses the added complexity with linear analytical and modeling approaches that reveal the salient features of complicated multisource systems. Examples and prototypes are presented in capacitive sensing occupancy detectors, hybrid power systems and multi-panel solar arrays.by John Jacob Cooley.Ph.D

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting

At the EEDAL'15 conference 128 papers dealing with energy consumption and energy efficiency improvements for the residential sector have been presented. Papers focused policies and programmes, technologies and consumer behaviour. Special focus was on standards and labels, demand response and smart meters. All the paper s have been peer reviewed by experts in the sector.JRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

Deputy Director

Nonresidential Buildings to be effective on July 1, 2014 now include the following Energy Commission approved and adopted Nonsubstantive errata

Implementing Productivity Based Demand Response in Office Buildings Using Building Automation Standards

Demand response is an effective method that can solve known issues in electrical power systems caused by peak power demand and intermittent supply from renewable sources. Office buildings are good candidates for implementing demand response because they usually incorporate building management systems which are able to control and monitor various electrical devices, from lighting to HVAC, security to power management. In order to study the feasibility of using an existing office building management system to implement demand response, a simulator for a typical office building has been built which models the energy consumption characteristics of the building. With the help of this simulator, an Indoor Environment Quality based control algorithm is developed whose aim is to minimise reduction in productivity in an office building during a demand response application. This research revealed two key elements of automatic demand response: lighting loads need to be utilised in every demand response scenario along with HVAC, and the control system needs to be able to operate rapidly because of changing conditions. A multi-agent based demand response control algorithm for lighting is then developed and used to test the suitability of two communication protocols currently widely used in office buildings: KNX and LonWorks. The results show that excessive overload of the communication channel and the lag caused by slow communication speeds using these protocols present serious problems for the implementation of real time agent based communication in office buildings. A solution to these problems is proposed

Energy Efficiency: A Guide to Current and Emerging Technologies. Volume 1: Buildings and Transportation

Energy Efficiency: A Guide to Current and Emerging Technologies is the fourth and final major CAE project, carried out between 1993 and 1996. It was published in 1996 in two volumes – Volume 1, Buildings and Transportation, dealing with domestic, commercial and industrial buildings and transport, and Volume 2, Primary Production and Industry, dealing with primary production, food processing, forestry processing and manufacturing and minerals. Volume 2 also includes a section on general energy efficiency technologies. The focus of the two volumes is on energy efficiency technologies currently available and applied overseas, but not widely used in New Zealand, and on emerging technologies that are likely to prove practical for New Zealand within the next decade. While the emphasis is on New Zealand experience, the technologies discussed have application worldwide. Barriers that might restrict the use of individual technologies are also discussed