The social and technical development of toilet design

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Industrial Design, Izmir, 2004Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 75)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxii, 129 leavesToilet is a critical link. The problem of body waste disposal is a subject that has always necessarily been the prime concern for humans living in society. Considering the evolution of the toilet is important for comprehending toilet design today and especially the deficiency of it. The idea of toilet is distinctly connected with the concept of cleanliness. The theory of bacteria and the rise of scientific thought gave rise to the concept of 'hygiene' and its appearance in daily life, which in turn altered the inside view of dwellings. Toilet is a vital part of this home system, distinctly related to human and environmental factors. Basically, the toilet is a machine for mixing faeces, urine, toilet paper, and water. This machine can be equipped with a number of accessories, but whatever its shape, in fact the WC is more than an object based on the idea of disposal of flushing away and hiding or diluting something we do not want. It is obvious that the disposal of waste can only be a part of 'toilet design'.In the history of the toilet, the main problem has remained the disposal of human waste at city level. This was assumed to be solved when the sewerage system was introduced. In fact, the world has yet to deal with environmental problems. Ecological sanitation offers a solution to toilets' share of pollution. Moreover, the addition to ecological conditions, it is important to design a toilet by thinking in a way regarding human psychological and physiological needs.For taking toilet design a step further, this research aims to reveal criteria to solve sanitation problems by focusing on the entire mechanism including, the toilet and toilet system, which should be considered and designed to serve all needs of cultures, ages, differences as a part of everyday life, to be adopted in varies occasions adding to global needs and realities.especially to reach 'the ideal toilet'

Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, challenges and innovations

Great strides have been made in improving sanitation in many developing countries. Yet, 2.4 billion people worldwide still lack access to adequate sanitation facilities and the poorest and most vulnerable members of society are often not reached and their specific needs are not met. Moreover, sustainability is currently one of the key challenges in CLTS and wider WASH practice, subsuming issues such as behaviour change, equity and inclusion, physical sustainability and sanitation marketing, monitoring and verification, engagement of governments, NGOs and donors, particularly after open defecation free (ODF) status is reached, and more. Achievement of ODF status is now recognised as only the first stage in a long process of change and sanitation improvement, with new challenges emerging every step of the way, such as how to stimulate progress up the sanitation ladder, how to ensure the poorest and marginalised are reached, or how to maintain and embed behaviour change. There have been several useful studies on sustainability that have highlighted some of these different aspects as well as the complexities involved. This book develops these key themes by exploring current experience, practices, challenges, innovations and insights, as well as identifying a future research agenda and gaps in current knowledge. Describing the landscape of sustainability of CLTS and sanitation with reference to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and through examples from Africa and Asia, the book captures a range of experiences and innovations from a broad range of institutions and actors within the WASH sector, and attempts to make recommendations and practical suggestions for policy and practice for practitioners, funders, policy-makers and governments.Chapter available as individual PDFs: 1. Going beyond open defecation free, Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz; 2. Sanitation in Bangladesh: revolution, evolution, and new challenges, Suzanne Hanchett; 3. Building environments to support sustainability of improved sanitation behaviours at scale: levers of change in East Asia Nilanjana Mukherjee; 4. Strengthening post-ODF programming: reviewing lessons from sub-Saharan Africa, Ann Thomas; 5. CLTS and sanitation marketing: aspects to consider for a better integrated approach, Twitty Munkhondia, Warren Mukelabai Simangolwa and Alfonso Zapico Maceda; 6. User-centred latrine guidelines – integrating CLTS with sanitation marketing: a case study from Kenya to promote informed choice, Yolande Coombes; 7. Sanitation infrastructure sustainability challenges case study: Ethiopia, Hunachew Beyene; 8. The long-term safe management of rural shit, Jamie Myers; 9. Beyond ODF: a phased approach to rural sanitation development, Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo; 10. Roles and responsibilities for post-ODF engagement: building an enabling institutional environment for CLTS sustainability, Samuel Musembi Musyoki; 11. Who is managing the post-ODF process in the community? A case study of Nambale sub-county in western Kenya, Elizabeth Wamera; 12. Tools for embedding post-ODF sustainability: experiences from SNV Nepal, Anup Kumar Regmi; 13. Certification of open defecation free status: emerging lessons from Kenya, Lewnida Sara; 14. Promoting choice: smart finance for rural sanitation development, Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo; 15. Putting the hardest to reach at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals, Sue Cavill, Sharon Roose, Cathy Stephen, and Jane Wilbur; 16. Leave no one behind: equality and nondiscrimination in sanitation and hygiene, Archana Patkar; 17. Purity, pollution, and untouchability: challenges affecting the adoption, use, and sustainability of sanitation programmes in rural India, Aashish Gupta, Diane Coffey, and Dean Spears; 18. Using social norms theory to strengthen CATS impact and sustainability, Therese Dooley, Louise Maule, and Michael Gnilo; 19. Conclusion: gaps in knowledge and further research needs, Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz.This series is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation (Sida)

A history of the architecture of the USDA Forest Service

Gerald W. Williams Collectio

Smartphone mediated behavioral change towards sustainable lifestyle

El objetivo de esta tesis es apoyar a individuos particulares en su búsqueda de un estilo de vida más sostenible a través de la creación de un producto con la capacidad de cambiar los comportamientos y hábitos de los usuarios en su vida cotidiana. Así, el producto diseñado está basado en el diseño de cambio de comportamiento y está personalizado a las actuales aspiraciones del usuario hacia un estilo de vida sostenible. El producto está canalizado a través de la mundialmente utilizada tecnología del smartphone en forma de una aplicación llamada OURS, teniendo una lógica que prioriza el servicio desde su núcleo, mediando el acceso a diversos servicios e información en una escala de vecindario. Para conseguir este objetivo, esta tesis sintetiza las más recientes narrativas con fundamento científico que explican qué determina los estilos de vida sostenibles y cómo pueden ser alcanzados por un individuo particular. Además, identifica los desafíos actuales y las oportunidades relacionadas con la crisis mundial provocada por la COVID-19, siguiendo un enfoque desde la base para el cambio y la Platform Economy.The goal of this thesis is to support individuals in pursuing a sustainable lifestyle by creating a product, capable of changing users’ behaviors and habits in their everyday life. Thus, the designed product is based on behavioral change design tailored to the existing user’s aspirations towards a sustainable lifestyle. The product is channeled via globally used smartphone technology as mobile application called OURS, having service-dominant logic in its core, mediating access to various services and information in a scale of a neighborhood. To achieve this goal this thesis synthesizes recent science-based narratives on what determines sustainable lifestyles and how they could be embraced by an individual. Moreover, it identifies current challenges and opportunities regarding the COVID-19 world-wide crises, bottom-up approach for change and the Platform Economy

Building community resilience to disasters in WaSH (water, sanitation and hygiene) during recovery

Recurring and multiple disasters affect water and sanitation facilities and disrupt services. The frequent displacement and disaster losses influence hygiene behaviour and recovery priorities. Post disaster water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) recovery support by government and NGOs and its linkages with development are under-researched areas. This research explores approaches for building community resilience in WaSH during recovery using two case studies from Eastern India, Assam and Odisha. Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) tools, semi-structured interviews, participant observations, photographs and documents are used to gather qualitative data. The analysis provides an understanding of WaSH during recovery at different scales including households, communities, governments and humanitarian agencies. In Assam and Odisha, there were changes in hygiene practices, access and availability of WaSH facilities, achieved through experiential learning and agency support. Learning within humanitarian NGOs occurred during implementation, mainly from the communities and technical experts. Government agencies in Assam focused on flood protection measures, which forced the floodaffected populations to relocate without any resettlement support. In Odisha, the government undertook effective evacuation and relief measures and planned for reconstruction, but largely ignored sanitation. During recovery water supply was prioritised over sanitation and hygiene, overlooking gender aspects and menstrual hygiene. Thus, an opportunity during recovery to influence WaSH practices and to address open defecation challenge is missed. The humanitarian action is fragmented across sectors that emphasise, prioritise productive assets such as livelihoods, and shelter over WaSH systems. This research argues for longer-term and intersectoral recovery programmes that reflect community priorities through increased participation. This will help in transforming pre-existing WaSH practices and attitudes towards sanitation. This thesis concludes that integrated approaches should consider the pre-disaster practices, recovery and development plans for effective programming. The recovery programmes should factor learning and effective participation for building community resilience and bringing about transformational changes

Urban transformations and public health in the emergent city

Urban transformations and public health in the emergent city examines how urban health and wellbeing are shaped by migration, mobility, racism, sanitation and gender. Adopting a global focus, spanning Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America, the essays in this volume bring together a wide selection of voices that explore the interface between social, medical and natural sciences. This interdisciplinary approach, moving beyond traditional approaches to urban research, offers a unique perspective on today’s cities and the challenges they face. Edited by Professor Michael Keith and Dr Andreza Aruska de Souza Santos, this volume also features contributions from leading thinkers on cities in Brazil, China, South Africa and the United Kingdom. This geographic diversity is matched by the breadth of their different fields, from mental health and gendered violence to sanitation and food systems. Together, they present a complex yet connected vision of a ‘new biopolitics’ in today’s metropolis, one that requires an innovative approach to urban scholarship regardless of geography or discipline. This volume, featuring chapters from a number of renowned authors including the former deputy mayor of Rio de Janeiro Luiz Eduardo Soares, is an important resource for anyone seeking to better understand the dynamics of urban change. With its focus on the everyday realities of urban living, from health services to public transport, it contains valuable lessons for academics, policy makers and practitioners alike

Mobile Home Living in Boise: Its Uncertain Future and Alarming Decline

In a city of 211,000, in a county where one in five earn less than the $10 an hour required to afford a modest apartment, one in twenty-five houses is a steel-framed aluminum home. An estimated 5,412 Boiseans occupy 2,706 manufactured houses in 50 mobile home parks. Half are seniors with a median annual income of$20,000. Most are female. Nearly half have a chronic medical condition. One in four rent space in a park listed for sale or slated for redevelopment. At least 900 have been evicted since the peak of the real estate boom in 2004. In September 2006, as reports of the displaced spread alarm through the Treasure Valley, the Office of the President at Boise State University launched a policy study to consider what might be done. The researchers were three social science professors, three graduate students, and the city’s housing manager. In 2007 a mailing of 1,485 questionnaires yielded 548 respondents. The researchers also examined the history and economics of manufactured housing and searched for policy options from other cities and states

Integrated Functional Sanitation Value Chain

The value chain (VC) system is a key way to address important sanitation technological and institutional gaps in production and service delivery and could constitute a natural platform for development actions and also serve as a market systems approach to improve access to safely-managed sanitation. It has been suggested that sanitation could boost local and national economies and global interconnections with a growing recognition that the private sector can play a bigger role in delivering the Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation, and help businesses understand value-added and product opportunities. This book proposes a pathway towards re-thinking the sanitation value chain (SVC) and suggests that it should cover all processes, activities and products of enterprises/actors in the sanitation supply chain that provide value-added services within each stage. Following the Regenerative Sanitation Principles, this book presents a new perspective to the SVC known as the 'integrated functional sanitation value chain' (IFSVC) to address operational functions within sanitation systems in combination with sanitation enterprises, operators and external actors that support the growth of the sanitation economy. The underlying premise of this book is that the IFSVC represents a new perspective that would have major social, environmental and economic implications for local, national, regional and global sanitation service delivery. It is hoped that researchers, business leaders, entrepreneurs, government officials and funders will find this book valuable, and be inspired and enabled to carry sanitation work forward in their own spheres of operation. The book gives several examples of encouraging developments, particularly in technical and business model innovation. It is our hope that this book will provide the stimulus for new learning and its application, particularly through cross-disciplinary and cross-sector partnerships that bring together all the skills and capabilities needed to deliver a fully effective IFSVC

Implementing sanitation for informal settlements: conflicting rationalities in South Africa

Includes bibliographical referencesFrom 1994 to 2008, South Africa's national government disseminated numerous policies, laws, regulations and strategies to support its objective of providing basic sanitation access to the urban poor by 2014. The state has yet to attain this objective - ostensibly due to poor municipal execution of national policy. This thesis challenges this assessment, as it overlooks how non-municipal actors have shaped implementation and ignores possible weaknesses in policy. After assessing the delivery of sanitation services in Cape Town informal settlements, I found that disputes among municipal implementers, policy beneficiaries and social advocates about broadly framed policy, as well as policy gaps in servicing informal settlements, contributed to the City's failure to achieve national objectives. The local actors'differences and policy gaps necessitated the re-formulation of sanitation policy and programmes in Cape Town according to conflicting rationalities that accommodated the'lived' and 'practical' realities of servicing informal settlements. In light of these circumstances, this thesis argues that there is a disproportionate focus on turning national policy into practise - for this viewpoint misses how policy oftentimes is re-formulated according to local actors' perspectives and experiences. Understanding the complex interplay between policy rationales and implementation realities can contribute to more constructive means of effectively providing sanitation services for South African informal settlements