The performance of approximating ordinary differential equations by neural nets

The dynamics of many systems are described by ordinary differential equations (ODE). Solving ODEs with standard methods (i.e. numerical integration) needs a high amount of computing time but only a small amount of storage memory. For some applications, e.g. short time weather forecast or real time robot control, long computation times are prohibitive. Is there a method which uses less computing time (but has drawbacks in other aspects, e.g. memory), so that the computation of ODEs gets faster? We will try to discuss this question for the assumption that the alternative computation method is a neural network which was trained on ODE dynamics and compare both methods using the same approximation error. This comparison is done with two different errors. First, we use the standard error that measures the difference between the approximation and the solution of the ODE which is hard to characterize. But in many cases, as for physics engines used in computer games, the shape of the approximation curve is important and not the exact values of the approximation. Therefore, we introduce a subjective error based on the Total Least Square Error (TLSE) which gives more consistent results. For the final performance comparison, we calculate the optimal resource usage for the neural network and evaluate it depending on the resolution of the interpolation points and the inter-point distance. Our conclusion gives a method to evaluate where neural nets are advantageous over numerical ODE integration and where this is not the case. Index Terms—ODE, neural nets, Euler method, approximation complexity, storage optimization

Using Valuation-Based Decision Making to Increase the Efficiency of China\u27s Patent Subsidy Strategies

[Excerpt] “The Chinese government has grown concerned that its patent fee subsidy programs have not funded the most deserving patents, and thus they no longer wish to spend public resources to promote low-value patents. Instead, the government would prefer subsidy programs that encourage the most deserving patents. The Patent Strategy reflects this desire, as the fourth strategic focus of the Patent Strategy recognizes the need to “[o]ptimize [China’s] patent subsidy policy and further define the orientation to enhance patent quality.”19 This Article explains how a disciplined and transparent valuation-based decision making process can help the Chinese government design patent fee subsidy programs that allocate funds more consistently to deserving patents. In addition, this Article offers the outline of a practical valuation model the Chinese government could use to filter patent fee subsidy requests.

German Federal Constitutional Court: Constitutional Ultra Vires Review of European Acts Only Under Exceptional Circumstances; Decision of 6 July 2010, 2 BvR 2661/06, Honeywell

This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.After the German Federal Constitutional Court's (FCC) issuance of the Lisbon decision, a judgment that is generally considered to be a verdict critical of European integration as well as a measure to widen the scope of constitutional review of EU acts, many observers wondered what would happen next. Would the German court finally begin to look for an open conflict with the EU, or would the court's bark once again be worse than its bite? This had already seemed to be the case after the Maastricht decision, the slimmer and legally more coherent predecessor of the Lisbon judgment, after which the court deliberately missed the opportunity to take a shot at the Banana conflict between the EU and the WTO.Peer Reviewe

The backwash effect on SQL skills grading

This paper examines the effect of grading approaches for SQL query formulation on students' learning strategies. The way that students are graded in a subject has a significant impact on their learning approach, and it is crucial that graded tasks are carefully designed and implemented to inculcate a deep learning experience, An online examination system is described and evaluated. Copyright 2004 ACM

Execution of Fiduciary Collateral Based on the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019

The Constitutional Court responded to the existence of a debt collector who had been very unsettling by the Constitutional Court by issuing Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 dated January 6, 2020. Based on the request for a judicial review of Law 42/1999 submitted by husband and wife Apriliani Dewi and Suri Agung Prabowo . Apriliani is a fiduciary who experiences direct losses as a result of creditors' withdrawal of the object of fiduciary security in the form of a car. Both applicants are declared to have legal standing in submitting a request for a judicial review. The Constitutional Court granted it with Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. In this decision, the execution mechanism for the fiduciary guarantee object was changed by the Constitutional Court as long as it was not provided voluntarily by the debtor. Previously, the Fiduciary Law allowed creditors to execute the object of fiduciary collateral themselves, but now to carry out the execution, creditors must submit an application to the District Court. However, the implementation of direct execution by the creditor without going through the District Court can be done if the debtor admits that there is a default or default in his agreement with the creditor

Effects of Warranty on Purchase Decision of Electronic Products: An Empirical Research from the Perspective of Bangladesh

Warranty can be defined as a part of the common law system that states and assures the consumers that a product or service is fit for the purpose for which it is sold. This study focuses on effects of warranty in the purchase decision of electronic products in Bangladesh. After conducting an effective exploratory research to gain initial idea and knowledge, the study proceeded further to draw a conclusion about the research topic. Through the convenience sample selection process, 100 samples were selected from the target population. The literature review elaborated and explained about the past and recent research works on the product warranty in different countries on different samples. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions under eight key variables including Service Provider's Accountability, Reliability of Product, Long Term Warranty, Short Term Warranty, Branded Product, Non-branded Product, Country of Origin and Risk Reliever. The regression analysis was used here for the analysis of the data. Finally it is concluded that six factors out of eight have an impact over purchase decision of the consumers of electronic products. Keywords: Warranty, Short Term Warranty, Long Term Warranty, Reliability of the Product, Branded Product, Non Branded Product, Purchase Decision

Effect of Continuity Rate on Multistage Logistic Network Optimization under Disruption Risk

Modern companies have been facing devastating impacts from unexpected events such as demand uncertainties, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks due to the increasing global supply chain complexity. This paper proposes a multi stage logistic network model under disruption risk. To formulate the problem practically, we consider the effect of continuity rate, which is defined as a percentage of ability of the facility to provide backup allocation to customers in the abnormal situation and affect the investments and operational costs. Then we vary the fixed charge for opening facilities and the operational cost according to the continuity rate. The operational level of the company decreases below the normal condition when disruption occurs. The backup source after the disruption is recovered not only as soon as possible, but also as much as possible. This is a concept of the business continuity plan to reduce the recovery time objective such a continuity rate will affect the investments and operational costs. Through numerical experiments, we have shown the proposed idea is capable of designing a resilient logistic network available for business continuity management/plan