20 research outputs found
A tribute to Elizaveta Ubryatova: professional life and personal destiny
The article was submitted on 10.06.2015. Translated by Dr. Lilia Gorelova.In Russia, the name of prominent turkologist Elizaveta Ivanovna Ubryatova, at present is known mostly to specialists who study the languages spoken by the Northern peoples of the country. However, the essence of scientific research of a linguist of such a calibre includes naturally attentive and concerned attitude to the fate of the peoples residing in the North of Russia, which was especially important in the conditions of the Soviet era. Survival of the Northern peoples and their languages became for Ubryatova not only a scientific problem but also a mission of vital importance. Ubryatovaβs scientific interests were not restricted to linguistic problems, she also purposefully studied the important monuments of folk literature and ethnography of indigenous peoples. This was due to her scientific breadth, social responsibility, and commitment to a supreme mastery of the research object. That is why she became the founder of the original linguistic and cultural school in the study of the history and structures of languages spoken by peoples living in the North of Russia. The scale of her bright personality, combined with her intelligence, patience, and feminine care about colleagues and students, made her a center of attraction for researchers in this field. She launched an extensive project of publishing works devoted to folklore of the peoples who inhabited the Northern territories of Russia, and whose traditional culture became a part of the world culture as a result. The languages of the Dolgans and Yakuts became the main topics of her research. In this article, we outline the major ideas proposed by Ubryatova in her works, viz., those concerning the origin of the Turkic languages, Dolgan and Yakut in particular, and principles of the organization of the Yakut syntax. In her works, devoted to syntactic problems, Ubryatova determined the fundamental characteristic features of systemic organization of Turkic languages, Yakut in particular, as the ability of these languages to link language units of different levels between each other by using the same grammatical means. In Turkic languages, almost all syntactic relations between clauses can be expressed grammatically, and this linguistic phenomenon entails the existence of a diverse and advanced system of non-finite verbal forms. These important findings can be successfully generalised to embrace all Altaic languages. Addressing a linguistic problem, Ubryatova combined her deep intuition with intensive field work and systematic theoretic investigation. Monographs and textbooks written by Ubryatova belong to the gold reserve of Turkology and cultural linguistics.Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°, ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ, Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π± Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ - Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Β». Π ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
Changing Gender Roles and Economies in Taimyr
This article is an inquiry into the extent to which, and how, roles of men and women in indigenous communities in north-central Siberia have changed along with the changing economic and political context from the 1917 Communist Revolution to the post-Soviet era. The starting point for this investigation is archived data from the 1926/27 Polar Census of Siberia. Fieldwork conducted in the region in the 1990s and 2000s provides comparative materials. During this 80-year period, the development of centralized settlements and regional urban areas brought increasing professionalization of traditional economic activities and greater involvement of the indigenous population in civil service work. As a result, the flexibility of gender roles in the indigenous pre-Soviet economy was sacrificed in favor of work in state companies and organizations that followed gender contracts imposed following the general Soviet model. In the post-Soviet period, following the collapse of the Soviet planned economy greater flexibility in gender roles has been observed, along with increasing importance of informal exchange networks and reliance upon hunting, fishing and trapping as key inputs to local economies
Sharing, Subsistence, and Social Norms in Northern Siberia
The majority of families in Ustβ-Avam in northern Siberia are dependent on subsistence hunting, fishing, and trapping and have been part of a vertically integrated industrial economy in a remote area of the former Soviet Union. Thus, the results from behavioral games conducted there in 2003βthe dictator game (DG), the ultimatum game (UG), and the third-party punishment game (TPG)βlend themselves to comparison with other indigenous hunter-gatherers, as well as with working communities in other nation-states
Contact-induced change in Dolgan : an investigation into the role of linguistic data for the reconstruction of a peopleβs (pre)history
This study explores the role of linguistic data in the reconstruction of Dolgan (pre)history. While most ethno-linguistic groups have a longstanding history and a clear ethnic and linguistic affiliation, the formation of the Dolgans has been a relatively recent development, and their ethnic origins as well as their linguistic affiliation have been a matter of debate. According to some scholars, the Dolgans, who inhabit the Taimyr Peninsula and the Anabar district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), are Turkic people who adopted a Tungusic name and certain Tungusic cultural features. Others hold the view that they have Tungusic origins but shifted to a Turkic language. Migrations and frequent contacts with other ethnic groups complicate a reconstruction of their past. Accepting the idea that contact settings may correlate with linguistic outcomes, contact-induced changes in Dolgan are analysed and used to infer information about the nature of the contact settings in which they occurred. The linguistic conclusions are interpreted in a multidisciplinary context, integrating insights from history, ethnography as well as from population genetics. In particular, linguistic patterns of contact influence are correlated with genetic admixture patterns, providing new insights into the prehistoric migration patterns of the Dolgans. Due to its holistic approach, this study provides an example of the innovative ways in which data from different disciplines can be combined to gain a deeper understanding of a people__s past and identity, and provides a valuable contribution to the investigation of Siberian history.Max Planck SocietyLanguage Use in Past and Presen
Siberian languages in contact, 1 : collective numerals in Yakut, Dolgan, Tuvinian, Tofalar and some other Turkic languages
Morphological categories of Siberian Turkic numerals are particularly complex and therefore deemed to be especially advantageous to areal investigations. The aim of this paper is to see whether (at least some of) the suffixes of collective numerals can readily be used as isogloss connecting Yakut and Dolgan with Tuvinian and Tofalar or, maybe, also some other Turkic languages
Siberian languages in contact, 1: Collective numerals in Yakut, Dolgan, Tuvinian, Tofalar and some other Turkic languages
Morphological categories of Siberian Turkic numerals are particularly complex and therefore deemed to be especially advantageous to areal investigations. The aim of this paper is to see whether (at least some of) the suffixes of collective numerals can readily be used as isogloss connecting Yakut and Dolgan with Tuvinian and Tofalar or, maybe, also some other Turkic languages
A Review of Literature on the Language Policy of Imperial Russia and the Modern Linguistic Situation
The article was submitted on 16.12.2017.ΠΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ 1800 Π³. ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ XX Π². Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Β«Π£ΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΠ± ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π²Β» (1822), ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ 1830β1831 ΠΈ 1863 Π³Π³. ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ Π±ΡΠ» Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, β ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
/Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ. Π XX Π². ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π² Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.This article traces Russian nationality and language policies from 1800 to the early 20th century based on historical, historiographic, sociological, and sociolinguistic sources. The 1822 Charter on the Governance of Indigenous Peoples (concerning the peoples of Siberia) was indicative of Russian national policies in general. It ordained that ethnicities be self-governed and that official routines, school education and church services be in native languages. However, following the Polish uprisings of 1830β1831 and 1863, the empire began to tighten its grip on its western regions. Polish was banned from schools and publications outside the Kingdom of Poland, while Ukrainophilia was repressed; alternatively, Lithuanian and Belarusian were advanced and Russian schools introduced. Basically, the policies of Russia reveal a pattern of dynamic fluctuations, dependent on domestic political conditions and the international situation β liberal in calm and prosperous times, repressive in times of external/internal threats. By and large, Russia governed so as to preserve the diversity of its national provinces. In the 20th century, it quite logically resulted in the principle of democratic centralism in the nationality policy of the USSR, the autonomy of Soviet national republics united in a single centralised multinational state. The Russian Federation largely inherited its current nationality policy from imperial and Soviet models
A novel approach for elucidating the complex maternal prehistories of Siberian ethnolinguistic groups using complete mitochondrial genomes
Siberia is an ideal region for exploring population histories from a molecular anthropological perspective given the diverse human populations, in terms of linguistic affiliation and lifestyle, currently inhabiting this geographically large region. As such, this thesis explores new methodologies for the investigation of the genetic histories of Siberian populations. While previous genetic work in this area of the world was able to provide detailed insights into paternal histories based on Y chromosomal data, it was not as successful on the maternal side. There existed difficulties in exploring the complex maternal demographic histories due to high levels of sequence identity between individuals in different populations when using only a very small region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), known as the hypervariable region I (HV1). This realization led to the initial focus of this dissertation which was to identify and test improved methods of sequencing entire mtDNA genomes. This was necessary because the mtDNA genomes that were published for human Siberian populations and across the globe prior to the work described here were chosen based on specific sub-sample selection criteria that introduced an ascertainment bias rendering them unusable for population-wide analyses. After testing multiple next generation DNA sequencing methods, I helped develop a sequencing library preparation method based on multiplexing and hybridization enrichment of mtDNAs for sequencing by synthesis that has since become widely used in labs across the globe. Comparing the same samples sequenced by both the traditional and new methods for five ethnolinguistic populations showed that these new methods were robust and could lead to different inferences about population histories while avoiding a sampling bias. Based on the results of this thesis it is now recommended for researchers to sequence complete mtDNA genomes for all relevant samples within a collection. By applying these methods to additional Siberian populations it was possible to better describe maternal population contact and identify demographic changes over time. This additional information allowed for the identification of putative drops in the maternal effective population sizes in the Siberian populations examined here. When examining the potential migrations and population contact between Turkic-speaking Yakuts and the Tungusic-speaking Even and Evenks, there exists a differential sharing of haplotypes suggesting that the Tungusic speaking populations herein were already in the northern region and split prior to the expansion of the Yakuts into their territory. The putative origin of the Yakuts as being around Lake Baikal was given additional support from the analyses included in this study and the origins of the Dolgans were shown to predominately include the admixture of Yakuts and Evenks
Religions around the Arctic
At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of GΓ©rard Genetteβs category βvoiceβ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku HΓ€mΓ€lΓ€inen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of βspiritsβ and βgodsβ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle SundstrΓΆm), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the βfinding, claiming, and authorizingβ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance