Semantic verb classes in Tima (Niger-Congo)

The dissertation explores the correlations between the lexical meaning of verbs and their morphosyntactic behavior in terms of valency alternation patterns in the Niger-Congo language Tima spoken in Sudan

Cross-linguistic patterns in the structure, function, and position of (object) complement clauses

The present contribution examines object complement clauses from the perspective of constituent-order typology. In particular, it provides the first principled empirical investigation of the position of object clauses relative to the matrix verb. Based on a stratified sample of 100 languages, we establish that there is an overall cross-linguistic preference for postverbal complements, due largely to the heterogeneous ordering patterns in OV-languages. Importantly, however, we also show that the position of complement clauses correlates with aspects of their structural organization: Preverbal complement clauses are significantly more likely to be coded by morphosyntactically “downgraded” structures than postverbal complements. Given that previous research has found a parallel correlation between structural downgrading and the semantics of the complement-taking predicate (Givón 1980. The binding hierarchy and the typology of complements. Studies in Language 4. 333–377, Cristofaro 2003. Subordination. Oxford: Oxford University Press), one needs to analyze how positional, structural and semantic factors interact with one another. Our data suggest that the correlation between clause order and morphosyntactic structure holds independently of semantic considerations: All predicate classes distinguished in the present study increase their likelihood of taking downgraded complements if they are preceded by the complement clause. We thus propose that, in addition to the well-known “binding hierarchy”, a second correlation needs to be recognized in the typology of complementation: the co-variation of linear order and morphosyntactic structure

Crosslinguistic Interference in the Acquisition of English Middle Verbs by Moroccan EFL Learners

This article reports the results of an experiment on the acquisition of English middle verbs by Moroccan EFL learners. These verbs are problematic because, while they are formally treated as intransitives in English (e.g., Sam stretched), their morphosyntactic expression in Moroccan Arabic differs from the canonical one-participant construction. English intransitive verbs that encode middle semantics may thus be susceptible to interference from the L1 for this population of learners. The results of a translation task administered to high-school and university students show an avoidance of using a canonically intransitive construction for English verbs whose Moroccan Arabic counterparts are middle-marked (i.e., distinguished from intransitives by means of a morphological marker) compared to when they are unmarked. When the level of the participants is factored in, the learning of some middle verbs that are marked in L1 seems to lag significantly compared to prototypical transitives and other verbs which are formally intransitive in both languages. This highlights the possibility of transfer of grammatical relations from an L1 to an L2

A comparative psychomecanical study of arabic and english causative verbs

Cette thèse examine les alternances transitives en arabe et en anglais d'un point de vue sémantique. La différence entre l'anglais et l'arabe en ce qui concerne les alternances transitives manifeste la pauvreté de la morphologie anglaise par rapport à la richesse de l'arabe dans ce domaine d'usage. En fait, la même forme du verbe est utilisée en anglais à la fois comme transitive et intransitive. L'existence de plusieurs formes morphologiques du verbe arabe est due à la possibilité d'exprimer la causalité même avec des verbes inergatifs. Le cadre théorique utilisé dans la thèse est inspiré de la grammaire cognitive et de la psychomécanique du langage. Les deux approches soutiennent que le sens est dans l'esprit plutôt que dans le monde référentiel ou dans des constructions théoriques de modèle encadrées en termes d'ensembles de référents ou d'ensembles de mondes possibles dans lesquels une phrase serait considérée comme vraie. La psychomécanique fait en outre une distinction cruciale entre les deux états dans lesquels le sens existe dans l'esprit: sous la forme sous laquelle il existe avant d'être utilisé, il s'agit d'un potentiel décontextualisé en position de cause possible de la gamme variée de messages qu'il peut être observé pour exprimer dans ses divers usages dans le discours; dans l'état dans lequel il existe lorsqu'il est utilisé, il s'agit d'un réel contextualisé en position d'effet, déployé avec un contenu contextuel et situationnel pour véhiculer un message particulier parmi tous les messages qu'il est capable de contribuer à exprimer. Cette étude est également fermement basée sur le principe sémiologique proposé par Duffley (2014), à savoir que « le langage humain n'est pas principalement fondé sur la forme, mais sur les appariements forme-sens ». La plupart des recherches précédentes sur la causalité ont été exclusivement syntaxiques, la sémantique n'étant impliquée que dans la classification des lexèmes verbaux en groupes partageant des éléments sémantiques de signification basés sur un comportement syntaxique similaire. Notre étude propose un sens potentiel capable d'expliquer l'ensemble de leurs usages pour l'ensemble des six dispositifs identifiés dans la littérature comme causativants ou dé-causativants en arabe, à savoir ablaut, gémination, préfixation par a-, ta + gémination, préfixation avec ta- + allongement de la voyelle du milieu, et préfixation avec n-. L'étude des trois premières formes a montré que la causalité n'est pas la signification potentielle de ces formes, mais plutôt un seul type de message parmi de nombreuses autres significations réelles véhiculées lorsqu'elles sont utilisées en contexte. Notre analyse a également conclu que les trois dernières formes de la liste ne sont pas non plus intrinsèquement décausativantes, mais que les significations potentielles de ces formes impliquent la réflexion et la réciprocité, des notions qui s'opposent à la nature de la causalité qui est orientée vers l'extérieur, car l'action comme restant interne à l'auteur de l'action ou comme retournant réciproquement à celui-ci.This thesis examines the transitive alternations in Arabic and English from a semantic point of view. The difference between English and Arabic with regard to transitive alternations manifests the poverty of English morphology compared to the richness of Arabic in this area of usage. In fact, the same form of the verb is used in English as both transitive and intransitive. The existence of several morphological forms of the Arabic verb is due to the possibility of expressing causation even with unergative stems. The theoretical framework employed in the thesis is inspired by Cognitive Grammar and the Psychomechanics of Language. Both approaches hold that meaning is in the mind rather than in the referential world or in model-theoretical constructs framed in terms of sets of referents or sets of possible worlds in which a sentence would be considered true. Psychomechanics further makes a crucial distinction between the two states in which meaning exists in the mind: in the form in which it exists before being used, it is a decontextualized potential in the position of possible cause of the variegated range of messages it can be observed to express in its various uses in discourse; in the state in which it exists when used, it is a contextualized actual in the position of effect, being deployed along with contextual and situational content to convey a particular message from among all the messages it is capable of contributing to express. This study is also firmly based on the semiological principle proposed by Duffley (2014), namely that "human language is not primarily about form, but about form-meaning pairings". Most of the previous research on causation has been exclusively syntactic, with semantics being involved only in the classification of verbal lexemes into groups that share semantic elements of meaning based on similar syntactic behavior. Our study proposes a potential meaning capable of explaining all of their uses for all of the six devices identified in the literature as causativizing or de-causativizing in Arabic, namely ablaut, gemination, prefixation by a-, ta + gemination, prefixation with ta- + lengthening of the middle vowel, and prefixation with n-. The study of the first three devices showed that causativization is not the potential meaning of these forms, but rather only one type of message among many other actual meanings conveyed when they are used in context. Our analysis also concluded that the last three forms in the list are not inherently de-causativizing either, but that the potential meanings of these forms involve reflexivization and reciprocity, notions which are opposed to the externally-oriented nature of causation, as they construe the action as remaining internal to the causer or as returning reciprocally upon the latter

A Passive Analysis of Morphological Causatives in Korean

Morphological causatives in Korean show some intimate correlations with morphological passives across different domains of the grammar. Morphologically, both the causative and the passive can be marked with the allomorphs *-i*, *-hi*, *-li*, *-ki*; syntactically, in both constructions, the agent of the stem verb can be assigned dative case *-eykey*; and semantically, some apparent causative constructions (often called the retained object construction) may be interpreted passively. In this paper, I suggest that the causative-passive correlations arise because the causative may contain the passive as part of its structure. Specifically, I argue that (i) the passive in Korean involves passive Voice; and that (ii) the head responsible for causativization, Caus(e), c-selects VoiceP in Korean including passive VoiceP. The possibility of Caus taking passive VoiceP as its complement is claimed to bring about the correlations in question

Quantitative computational syntax: some initial results

In the computational study of human intelligence, the language sciences are in the unique position of resting both on sophisticated theories and representations and on large amounts of observational data available for many languages. In this paper, we discuss some recent results, where large-scale, data-intensive computational modelling techniques are used to address fundamental linguistic questions on the quantitative properties of abstract grammatical representations. Specifically, we present a programme of research exemplified in three case studies to identify the causes of frequency differentials. In the area of word order, we discuss work that investigates whether typological and corpus frequencies are systematically correlated to abstract syntactic structures and to higher-level structural principles of minimisation and efficiency. In the area of verb meaning, corpus-based computational models are discussed that investigate how frequencies are correlated to well-known lexical effects in causative alternations and morphological marking. The large corpus-based, cross-linguistic component of the work and the abstract grammatical hypotheses on word order and verb meaning provide new empirical and computational evidence to the important debate on language variation, its extent and its limits and illustrate how to bring corpus-based computational methodology to bear on theoretical syntactic issues. In so doing, we help reduce the current gap between theoretical and computational linguistics

A grammar of Hadari Arabic: a contrastive-typological perspective

This thesis provides a synchronic morphosyntactic description of the Hadari dialect, a variety of Gulf Arabic spoken in Kuwait, and presents a current documentation of this rapidly changing, under documented spoken dialect of Arabic. The description covers the basic morphology and syntax of Hadari, focusing mainly on the syntax. The description refers to Modern Standard Arabic both as a point of comparison and a point of reference when describing the spoken dialect’s morphology and syntax. The study also draws on discussion of existing descriptions of the dialect and reflects upon their current adequacy. This thesis adopts a typological approach to describing the Hadari dialect, making reference both to Greenbergian typology and to modern typological theory. Two of the main typological theories applied in this description include an application of Matthew Dryer’s exceptionless properties of V-initial languages (1990) and of the Branching Direction Theory (Dryer1992), to the spoken dialect. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the similarities and differences between Modern Standard Arabic and Hadari, regarding the expression of various syntactic aspects. One of the more significant contributions in this section is the typological description of the relative clause in Hadari. Furthermore, the thesis provides descriptions of clause structure, word order, modality, valency, copular clauses, interrogatives, negation, and subordination, in Hadari. The analysis is based on empirical data from recordings of everyday interactions in uncontrolled environment, television shows, radio broadcasts, and personal interviews

ENGL6360 Descriptive Linguistics for Teachers

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