A New Approach in Risk Stratification by Coronary CT Angiography.

For a decade, coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) has been used as a promising noninvasive modality for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as cardiovascular risks. CCTA can provide more information incorporating the presence, extent, and severity of CAD; coronary plaque burden; and characteristics that highly correlate with those on invasive coronary angiography. Moreover, recent techniques of CCTA allow assessing hemodynamic significance of CAD. CCTA may be potentially used as a substitute for other invasive or noninvasive modalities. This review summarizes risk stratification by anatomical and hemodynamic information of CAD, coronary plaque characteristics, and burden observed on CCTA

Biologics May Prevent Cardiovascular Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Inhibiting Coronary Plaque Formation and Stabilizing High-Risk Lesions.

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and whether biologic DMARDs might have a beneficial effect on coronary plaque formation or progression.MethodsIn this single-center observational cohort study, 150 patients underwent computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary atherosclerosis (total, noncalcified, mixed/calcified, and low-attenuation plaque); 101 had repeat assessments within a mean ± SD of 6.9 ± 0.3 years to evaluate plaque progression. All CVD events were prospectively recorded, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, revascularization, stroke, claudication, and hospitalization for heart failure. The Framingham-D'Agostino score was used to assess cardiovascular risk. The segment stenosis score was used to measure plaque burden. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.ResultsAfter adjustment for the segment stenosis score, the Framingham-D'Agostino score, and time-varying Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C-reactive protein level using marginal structural models, current biologic DMARD use was associated with lower long-term CVD risk (OR 0.15 [95% CI 0.04-0.60]). Noncalcified and low-attenuation plaque presence moderated the effect of biologic DMARDs on CVD risk; specifically, biologic DMARD use was associated with lower CVD risk in patients with noncalcified or low-attenuation plaque at baseline (OR 0.21 [95% CI 0.04-0.99] and OR 0.08 [95% CI 0.01-0.70], respectively), but not in those without noncalcified or low-attenuation plaque. Per-segment plaque progression analyses showed that biologic DMARD exposure was associated with transition of noncalcified to mixed/calcified plaque (OR 4.00 [95% CI 1.05-15.32]). Biologic DMARD exposure predicted a lower likelihood of new plaque forming in segments without plaque among patients without mixed/calcified plaque in other coronary segments (OR 0.40 [95% CI 0.17-0.93]), but not among those with calcification. Biologic DMARD treatment also predicted low-attenuation plaque loss (P = 0.042).ConclusionOur findings indicate that in RA, biologic DMARD use is associated with reduced CVD risk, protective calcification of noncalcified lesions, and lower likelihood of new plaque formation in patients with early atherosclerosis

Characterizing cardiac involvement in chronic kidney disease using CMR—a systematic review

Purpose of Review: The aim of the review was to identify and describe recent advances (over the last 3 years) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a literature review in line with current guidelines. Recent Findings: The authors identified 22 studies. Patients with CKD had left ventricular global and regional dysfunction and adverse remodeling. Stress testing with CMR revealed a reduced stress-response in CKD patients. Native T1 relaxation times (as a surrogate markers of fibrosis) are elevated in CKD patients, proportional to disease duration. Patients with CKD have reduced strain magnitudes and reduced aortic distensibility. Summary: CMR has diagnostic utility to identify and characterize cardiac involvement in this patient group. A number of papers have described novel findings over the last 3 years, suggesting that CMR has potential to become more widely used in studies in this patient group

Bioresorbable coronary stents : non-invasive quantitative assessment of edge and intrastent plaque – a 256-slice computed tomography longitudinal study

Les bioresorbable stents (BRS), en français intitulés tuteurs coronariens biorésorbables, sont constitués d’un polymère biorésorbable, plutôt que de métal, et ne créent pas d’artéfacts métalliques significatifs en tomodensitométrie (TDM). Cela permet une meilleure évaluation de la plaque coronarienne sous ces tuteurs en TDM qu’avec les anciens tuteurs qui sont en métal. OBJECTIF: Évaluer l’évolution de la composition de la plaque, sa fraction lipidique (FL)— marqueur de vulnérabilité de la plaque, dans les 3 zones pré-tuteur (bord proximal), intra-tuteur et post-tuteur (bord distal), et le volume de la plaque entre 1 et 12 mois post-implantation de BRS. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Il s’agit d’une étude observationnelle longitudinale réalisée chez 27 patients consécutifs (âge moyen 59,7 +/- 8,6 ans) et recrutés prospectivement pour une imagerie par TDM 256-coupes à 1 et 12 mois post-implantation de BRS (35 tuteurs total). Les objectifs primaires sont: volume de plaque totale et de FL (mm3) comparés entre 1 et 12 mois. Afin de tenir compte de la corrélation intra-patient, des analyses de variance des modèles linéaires mixtes avec ou sans spline sont utilisés avec deux facteurs répétés temps et zone/bloc (1 bloc= 5 mm en axe longitudinal). La valeur % FL= volume absolu du FL/ volume total de la plaque. RÉSULTATS: Notre analyse par bloc ou par spline n’a pas démontré une différence significative dans les volumes de plaque ou des FL dans les zones pre- intra- and post-tuteur entre 1 et 12 mois. CONCLUSION: Notre étude a réussi à démontrer la faisabilité d’une analyse non-invasive quantitative répétée de la plaque coronarienne et de la lumière intra-tuteur avec l’utilisation de TDM 256 coupes. Cette étude pilote n’a pas démontré de différence significative dans les volumes des plaques et atténuation entre 1- et 12- mois de follow-up post-implantation de BRS. Notre méthode pourrait être appliquée à l’évaluation des différents structures ou profils pharmacologiques de ces tuteurs.Coronary bioresorbable stents (BRS) are made of a bioresorbable polymer rather than metal. Unlike metallic stents, BRS do not produce significant artifacts in computed tomography (CT) and are radiolucent in CT, making it possible to evaluate coronary plaque beneath an implanted stent. PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the volumes of plaque and low attenuation plaque components (LAP —a marker of plaque vulnerability) of pre-, intra- and post-stent plaque location between 1 and 12 months post-implantation. METHODS: In our prospective longitudinal study, we recruited 27 consecutive patients (mean age 59.7 +/- 8.6 years) with bioresorbable stents (n=35) for a 256-slice ECG-synchronized CT evaluation at 1 month and at 12 months post stent implantation. Total plaque volume (mm3) as well as absolute and relative (%) LAP volume per block in the pre-, intra- and post-stent zones were analyzed; comparison of 1 and 12 months post BRS implantation. Changes in these variables were assessed using mixed effects models with and without spline, which also accounted for correlation between repeated measurements with factors such as time and zone/block (1 block = 5 mm in longitudinal axis). The value % LAP= LAP absolute volume/ total plaque volume. RESULTS: Our block or spline model analysis showed no significant difference in plaque or LAP volumes in pre-, intra- and post-stent zones measured at 1 month and at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the feasibility of repeated non-invasive quantitative analysis of intrastent coronary plaque and in-stent lumen using a 256-channel CT scan. This pilot study did not show significant differences in plaque volume and attenuation between 1- and 12-month follow-up from stent implantation. The method we used could be applied to the evaluation of different stent structures or different pharmacological profiles of bioresorbable stents

Physiologic compliance in engineered small-diameter arterial constructs based on an elastomeric substrate.

Compliance mismatch is a significant challenge to long-term patency in small-diameter bypass grafts because it causes intimal hyperplasia and ultimately graft occlusion. Current engineered grafts are typically stiff with high burst pressure but low compliance and low elastin expression. We postulated that engineering small arteries on elastomeric scaffolds under dynamic mechanical stimulation would result in strong and compliant arterial constructs. This study compares properties of engineered arterial constructs based on biodegradable polyester scaffolds composed of either rigid poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or elastomeric poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS). Adult baboon arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were cultured in vitro for 10 days in tubular, porous scaffolds. Scaffolds were significantly stronger after culture regardless of material, but the elastic modulus of PLGA constructs was an order of magnitude greater than that of porcine carotid arteries and PGS constructs. Deformation was elastic in PGS constructs and carotid arteries but plastic in PLGA constructs. Compliance of arteries and PGS constructs were equivalent at pressures tested. Altering scaffold material from PLGA to PGS significantly decreased collagen content and significantly increased insoluble elastin content in constructs without affecting soluble elastin concentration in the culture medium. PLGA constructs contained no appreciable insoluble elastin. This research demonstrates that: (1) substrate stiffness directly affects in vitro tissue development and mechanical properties; (2) rigid materials likely inhibit elastin incorporation into the extracellular matrix of engineered arterial tissues; and (3) grafts with physiologic compliance and significant elastin content can be engineered in vitro after only days of cell culture