Computational Intelligence Inspired Data Delivery for Vehicle-to-Roadside Communications

We propose a vehicle-to-roadside communication protocol based on distributed clustering where a coalitional game approach is used to stimulate the vehicles to join a cluster, and a fuzzy logic algorithm is employed to generate stable clusters by considering multiple metrics of vehicle velocity, moving pattern, and signal qualities between vehicles. A reinforcement learning algorithm with game theory based reward allocation is employed to guide each vehicle to select the route that can maximize the whole network performance. The protocol is integrated with a multi-hop data delivery virtualization scheme that works on the top of the transport layer and provides high performance for multi-hop end-to-end data transmissions. We conduct realistic computer simulations to show the performance advantage of the protocol over other approaches

Coalitional Game Theoretic Approach for Cooperative Transmission in Vehicular Networks

Cooperative transmission in vehicular networks is studied by using coalitional game and pricing in this paper. There are several vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) in the networks. Each vehicle has a desire to transmit with a certain probability, which represents its data burtiness. The RSUs can enhance the vehicles' transmissions by cooperatively relaying the vehicles' data. We consider two kinds of cooperations: cooperation among the vehicles and cooperation between the vehicle and RSU. First, vehicles cooperate to avoid interfering transmissions by scheduling the transmissions of the vehicles in each coalition. Second, a RSU can join some coalition to cooperate the transmissions of the vehicles in that coalition. Moreover, due to the mobility of the vehicles, we introduce the notion of encounter between the vehicle and RSU to indicate the availability of the relay in space. To stimulate the RSU's cooperative relaying for the vehicles, the pricing mechanism is applied. A non-transferable utility (NTU) game is developed to analyze the behaviors of the vehicles and RSUs. The stability of the formulated game is studied. Finally, we present and discuss the numerical results for the 2-vehicle and 2-RSU scenario, and the numerical results verify the theoretical analysis.Comment: accepted by IEEE ICC'1

Heterogeneous Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio enabled Vehicular Networks Using Network Softwarization

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is regarded as an emerging technology to solve the spectrum scarcity problem created by static spectrum allocation. In DSA, unlicensed users access idle channels opportunistically, without creating any harmful interference to licensed users. This method will also help to incorporate billions of wireless devices for different applications such as Internet-of-Things, cyber-physical systems, smart grids, etc. Vehicular networks for intelligent transportation cyber-physical systems is emerging concept to improve transportation security and reliability. IEEE 802.11p standard comprising of 7 channels is dedicated for vehicular communications. These channels could be highly congested and may not be able to provide reliable communications in urban areas. Thus, vehicular networks are expected to utilize heterogeneous wireless channels for reliable communications. In this thesis, real-time opportunistic spectrum access in cloud based cognitive radio network (ROAR) architecture is used for energy efficiency and dynamic spectrum access in vehicular networks where geolocation of vehicles is used to find idle channels. Furthermore, a three step mechanism to detect geolocation falsification attacks is presented. Performance is evaluated using simulation results

Connectivity Analysis in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network based on VDTN

In the last decade, user demand has been increasing exponentially based on modern communication systems. One of these new technologies is known as mobile ad-hoc networking (MANET). One part of MANET is called a vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). It has different types such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicular delay-tolerant networks, and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). To provide sufficient quality of communication service in the Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Network (VDTN), it is important to present a comprehensive survey that shows the challenges and limitations of VANET. In this paper, we focus on one type of VANET, which is known as VDTNs. To investigate realistic communication systems based on VANET, we considered intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and the possibility of replacing the roadside unit with VDTN. Many factors can affect the message propagation delay. When road-side units (RSUs) are present, which leads to an increase in the message delivery efficiency since RSUs can collaborate with vehicles on the road to increase the throughput of the network, we propose new methods based on environment and vehicle traffic and present a comprehensive evaluation of the newly suggested VDTN routing method. Furthermore, challenges and prospects are presented to stimulate interest in the scientific community

From MANET to people-centric networking: Milestones and open research challenges

In this paper, we discuss the state of the art of (mobile) multi-hop ad hoc networking with the aim to present the current status of the research activities and identify the consolidated research areas, with limited research opportunities, and the hot and emerging research areas for which further research is required. We start by briefly discussing the MANET paradigm, and why the research on MANET protocols is now a cold research topic. Then we analyze the active research areas. Specifically, after discussing the wireless-network technologies, we analyze four successful ad hoc networking paradigms, mesh networks, opportunistic networks, vehicular networks, and sensor networks that emerged from the MANET world. We also present an emerging research direction in the multi-hop ad hoc networking field: people centric networking, triggered by the increasing penetration of the smartphones in everyday life, which is generating a people-centric revolution in computing and communications

Connected Vehicles: Solutions and Challenges

Abstract-Providing various wireless connectivities for vehicles enables the communication between vehicles and their internal and external environments. Such a connected vehicle solution is expected to be the next frontier for automotive revolution and the key to the evolution to next generation intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Moreover, connected vehicles are also the building blocks of emerging Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Extensive research activities and numerous industrial initiatives have paved the way for the coming era of connected vehicles. In this paper, we focus on wireless technologies and potential challenges to provide vehicle-to-x connectivity. In particular, we discuss the challenges and review the state-of-the-art wireless solutions for vehicle-to-sensor, vehicleto-vehicle, vehicle-to-Internet, and vehicle-to-road infrastructure connectivities. We also identify future research issues for building connected vehicles

Vehicular Networking Road Weather Information System Tailored for Arctic Winter Conditions

In order to conduct successful long-term service and system architecture development, permanent infrastructures and development environment are essential. For this purpose, FMI is operating a vehicle winter testing track with advanced communication capabilities within ITS-G5 and 5G test network, along with accurate road weather data and services supported by road weather stations, IoT road weather sensor network and on-board weather measurements. The track is in Sodankylä, Northern Finland, where the long arctic winter period of more than half year allows road weather services development in (and for) severe weather conditions. This environment provides appropriate conditions for the development of advanced ITS safety services equally for traditional, autonomous and alternate energy vehicles, tailored road weather services for each special use case and accurate estimation of performance. Not forgetting the energy efficiency of traffic and communication infrastructures themselves, which are critical elements in the development of the future ITS. This paper introduces the test track infrastructures, related research ambitions and future plans

Efficient channel allocation and medium access organization algorithms for vehicular networking

Due to the limited bandwidth available for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), organizing the wireless channel access to efficiently use the bandwidth is one of the main challenges in VANET. In this dissertation, we focus on channel allocation and media access organization for Vehicle-to-Roadside Units (V2R) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. An efficient channel allocation algorithm for Roadside Unit (RSU) access is proposed. The goal of the algorithm is to increase system throughput by admitting more tasks (vehicles) and at the same time reduce the risk of the admitted tasks. The algorithm admits the new requests only when their requirements can be fulfilled and all in-session tasks\u27 requirements are also guaranteed. The algorithm calculates the expected task finish time for the tasks, but allocates a virtual transmission plan for the tasks as they progress toward the edges of the RSU range. For V2V mode, we propose an efficient medium access organization method based on VANETs\u27 clustering schemes. In order to make this method efficient in rapid topology change environment like VANET, it\u27s important to make the network topology less dynamic by forming local strongly connected clustering structure, which leads to a stable network topology on the global scale. We propose an efficient cluster formation algorithm that takes vehicles\u27 mobility into account for cluster formation. The results of the proposed methods show that the wireless channel utilization and the network stability are significantly improved compared to the existing methods

Enhanced snr-based admission control algorithm for vehicular ad-hoc network

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) becomes a fundamental subcategory of mobile ad-hoc networks that provides vehicles to communicate with each other and with roadside infrastructure smartly. Data traffic in VANET can be categorized into safety and non-safety, where safety is a very critical point and non-safety is related to entertainment. Various VANET performance challenges are considered in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) which cause performance degradation as performance anomaly where high rates of vehicles wait for the low rates of vehicle transmitting time and starvation problem where some vehicles cannot transfer their data. Three main achievements have been accomplished. Starting with the impact of the increasing vehicle speed on performance anomaly problem consequences has been investigated. Followed by high-speed effects on data delivery is illustrated and how 802.11p has outperformed 802.11 in terms of data delivery is also demonstrated. Lastly, starvation problem is investigated where results showed increased data loss when vehicle nodes unable to deliver data correctly. Finally, a QoS-aware Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) admission control mechanism (QASAC) is proposed to handle the performance anomaly problem while maintaining the QoS levels for high and low traffics. This can result in wasting throughput and cause data loss. The investigation results show that 802.11p has enhanced the number of dropped packets up to 70%. Also, the 802.11p end to end delay has decreased up to 12% less than the results of the 802.11 MAC protocol. The packet delivery ratio has been enhanced by up to 41% by 802.11p. The starvation problem investigation phase shows that 802.11p perform better than 802.11 which mainly affected by the increased speed of the vehicle. QASAC assigned different SNR values to different vehicles group based on the sending SNR values and in each group. Unlike recently proposed admission control in VANET networks, the proposed architecture differentiate between both high priority and low priority traffic QASAC has been compared against the latest SNR based admission control mechanism. QASAC has enhanced the performance of data delivery up to 23% in terms of data dropping rates for high priority traffic