Department of Computer Science Activity 1998-2004

This report summarizes much of the research and teaching activity of the Department of Computer Science at Dartmouth College between late 1998 and late 2004. The material for this report was collected as part of the final report for NSF Institutional Infrastructure award EIA-9802068, which funded equipment and technical staff during that six-year period. This equipment and staff supported essentially all of the department\u27s research activity during that period

Performance Evaluation of a Resource Discovery Service

In a pervasive computing environment, the number and variety of resources (services, devices, and contextual information resources) make it necessary for applications to accurately discover the best ones quickly. Thus a resource-discovery service, which locates specific resources and establishes network connections as better resources become available, is necessary for those applications. The performance of the resource-discovery service is important when the applications are in a dynamic and mobile environment. In this thesis, however, we do not focus on the resource- discovery technology itself, but the evaluation of the scalability and mobility of the resource discovery module in Solar, a context fusion middleware. Solar has a naming service that provides resource discovery, since the resource names encode static and dynamic attributes. The results of our experiments show that Solar\u27s resource discovery performed generally well in a typical dynamic environment, although Solar can not be scaled as well as it should. And we identify the implementation issues related to that problem. We also discuss experience, insights, and lessons learned from our quantitative analysis of the experiment results

Goal-based Workflow Adaptation for Role-based Resources in the Internet of Things

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has increasingly received attention from the Business Process Management (BPM) community. The integration of sensors and actuators into Process-Aware Information Systems (PAIS) enables the collection of real-time data about physical properties and the direct manipulation of real-world objects. In a broader sense, IoT-aware workflows provide means for context-aware workflow execution involving virtual and physical entities. However, IoT-aware workflow management imposes new requirements on workflow modeling and execution that are outside the scope of current modeling languages and workflow management systems. Things in the IoT may vanish, appear or stay unknown during workflow execution, which renders their allocation as workflow resources infeasible at design time. Besides, capabilities of Things are often intended to be available only in a particular real-world context at runtime, e.g., a service robot inside a smart home should only operate at full speed, if there are no residents in direct proximity. Such contextual restrictions for the dynamic exposure of resource capabilities are not considered by current approaches in IoT resource management that use services for exposing device functionalities. With this work, we aim at providing the modeling and runtime support for defining such restrictions on workflow resources at design time and enabling the dynamic and context-sensitive runtime allocation of Things as workflow resources. To achieve this goal, we propose contributions to the fields of resource management, i.e., resource perspective, and workflow management in the Internet of Things (IoT), divided into the user perspective representing the workflow modeling phase and the workflow perspective representing the runtime resource allocation phase. In the resource perspective, we propose an ontology for the modeling of Things, Roles, capabilities, physical entities, and their context-sensitive interrelations. The concept of Role is used to define non-exclusive subsets of capabilities of Things. A Thing can play a certain Role only under certain contextual restrictions defined by Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules. At runtime, the existing relations between the individuals of the ontology represent the current state of interactions between the physical and the cyber world. Through the dynamic activation and deactivation of Roles at runtime, the behavior of a Thing can be adapted to the current physical context. In the user perspective, we allow workflow modelers to define the goal of a workflow activity either by using semantic queries or by specifying high-level goals from a Tropos goal model. The goal-based modeling of workflow activities provides the most flexibility regarding the resource allocation as several leaf goals may fulfill the user specified activity goal. Furthermore, the goal model can include additional Quality of Service (QoS) parameters and the positive or negative contribution of goals towards these parameters. The workflow perspective includes the Semantic Access Layer (SAL) middleware to enable the transformation of activity goals into semantic queries as well as their execution on the ontology for role-based Things. The SAL enables the discovery of fitting Things, their allocation as workflow resources, the invocation of referenced IoT services, and the continuous monitoring of the allocated Things as part of the ontology. We show the feasibility and added value of this work in relation to related approaches by evaluation within several application scenarios in a smart home setting. We compare the fulfillment of quantified criteria for IoT-aware workflow management based on requirements extracted from related research. The evaluation shows, that our approach enables an increase in the context-aware modeling of Things as workflow resources, in the query support for workflow resource allocation, and in the modeling support of activities using Things as workflow resources.:1 Introduction 15 1.1 Background 17 1.2 Motivation 17 1.3 Aim and Objective 19 1.3.1 Research Questions and Scope 19 1.3.2 Research Goals 20 1.4 Contribution 20 1.5 Outline 21 2 Background for Workflows in the IoT 23 2.1 Resource Perspective 24 2.1.1 Internet of Things 24 2.1.2 Context and Role Modeling 27 2.2 User Perspective 37 2.2.1 Goal Modeling 38 2.2.2 Tropos Goal Modeling Language 38 2.3 Workflow Perspective 39 2.3.1 Workflow Concepts 39 2.3.2 Workflow Modeling 40 2.3.3 Internet of Things-aware Workflow Management 43 2.4 Summary 44 3 Requirements Analysis and Approach 45 3.1 Requirements 45 3.1.1 IoT Resource Perspective 46 3.1.2 Workflow Resource Perspective 50 3.1.3 Relation to Research Questions 51 3.2 State of the Art Analysis 53 3.2.1 Fulfillment Criteria 54 3.2.2 IoT-aware workflow management 56 3.3 Discussion 65 3.4 Approach 70 3.4.1 Contribution to IoT-aware workflow management 71 3.5 Summary 73 4 Concept for Adaptive Workflow Activities in the IoT 75 4.1 Resource Perspective 75 4.1.1 Role-based Things 75 4.1.2 Semantic Modeling Concepts 79 4.1.3 SWRL Modeling Concepts 81 4.2 User Perspective 81 4.2.1 Semantic Queries in Workflow Activites 81 4.2.2 Goals for Workflow Activites 81 4.2.3 Mapping from Goals to Semantic Queries 82 4.3 Workflow Perspective 83 4.3.1 Workflow metamodel Extensions 83 4.3.2 Middleware for Dynamic Resource Discovery and Allocation 85 4.4 Summary 86 5 Modeling Adaptive Workflow Activities in the IoT 87 5.1 Resource Perspective 87 5.1.1 Role-based Modeling of Context-sensitive Things 87 5.1.2 Ontology Classes 90 5.1.3 Ontology Object properties 93 5.1.4 Ontology Data properties 99 5.1.5 DL-safe SWRL Rules 100 5.2 Discussion of Role Modeling Features 101 5.3 Example Application Scenario Modeling 102 5.3.1 Resource Perspective 102 5.3.2 User Perspective 105 5.3.3 Workflow Perspective 109 5.4 Summary 113 6 Architecture for Adaptive Workflow Activities in the IoT 115 6.1 Overview of the System Architecture 115 6.2 Specification of System Components 117 6.2.1 Resource Perspective 118 6.2.2 User Perspective 118 6.2.3 Workflow Perspective 118 6.3 Summary 123 7 Implementation of Adaptive Workflow Activities in the IoT 125 7.1 Resource Perspective 125 7.2 Workflow Perspective 125 7.2.1 PROtEUS 125 7.2.2 Semantic Access Layer 127 7.3 User Perspective 128 7.4 Summary 128 8 Evaluation 129 8.1 Goal and Evaluation Approach 129 8.1.1 Definition of Test Cases 130 8.2 Scenario Evaluation 134 8.2.1 Ambient Assisted Living Setting 135 8.2.2 Resource Perspective 135 8.2.3 User Perspective 137 8.2.4 Workflow Perspective 138 8.2.5 Execution of Test Cases 139 8.2.6 Discussion of Results 146 8.3 Performance Evaluation 148 8.3.1 Experimental Setup 148 8.3.2 Discussion of Results 151 8.4 Summary 152 9 Discussion 153 9.1 Comparison of Solution to Research Questions 153 9.2 Extendability of the Solutions 155 9.3 Limitations 156 10 Summary and Future Work 157 10.1 Summary of the Thesis 157 10.2 Future Work 159 Appendix 161 Example Semantic Context Model for IoT-Things 171 T-Box of Ontology for Role-based Things in the IoT 178 A-Box for Example Scenario Model 201 A-Box for Extended Example Scenario Model 21

UBIDEV: a homogeneous service framework for pervasive computing environments

This dissertation studies the heterogeneity problem of pervasive computing system from the viewpoint of an infrastructure aiming to provide a service-oriented application model. From Distributed System passing through mobile computing, pervasive computing is presented as a step forward in ubiquitous availability of services and proliferation of interacting autonomous entities. To better understand the problems related to the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of pervasive computing environments, we need to analyze the structure of a pervasive computing system from its physical and service dimension. The physical dimension describes the physical environment together wit the technology infrastructure that characterizes the interactions and the relations within the environment; the service dimension represents the services (being them software or not) the environment is able to provide [Nor99]. To better separate the constrains and the functionalities of a pervasive computing system, this dissertation classifies it in terms of resources, context, classification, services, coordination and application. UBIDEV, as the key result of this dissertation, introduces a unified model helping the design and the implementation of applications for heterogeneous and dynamic environments. This model is composed of the following concepts: • Resource: all elements of the environment that are manipulated by the application, they are the atomic abstraction unit of the model. • Context: all information coming from the environment that is used by the application to adapts its behavior. Context contains resources and services and defines their role in the application. • Classification: the environment is classified according to the application ontology in order to ground the generic conceptual model of the application to the specific environment. It defines the basic semantic level of interoperability. • Service: the functionalities supported by the system; each service manipulates one or more resources. Applications are defined as a coordination and adaptation of services. • Coordination: all aspects related to service composition and execution as well as the use of the contextual information are captured by the coordination concept. • Application Ontology: represents the viewpoint of the application on the specific context; it defines the high level semantic of resources, services and context. Applying the design paradigm proposed by UBIDEV, allows to describe applications according to a Service Oriented Architecture[Bie02], and to focus on application functionalities rather than their relations with the physical devices. Keywords: pervasive computing, homogenous environment, service-oriented, heterogeneity problem, coordination model, context model, resource management, service management, application interfaces, ontology, semantic services, interaction logic, description logic.Questa dissertazione studia il problema della eterogeneit`a nei sistemi pervasivi proponendo una infrastruttura basata su un modello orientato ai servizi. I sistemi pervasivi sono presentati come un’evoluzione naturale dei sistemi distribuiti, passando attraverso mobile computing, grazie ad una disponibilit`a ubiqua di servizi (sempre, ovunque ed in qualunque modo) e ad loro e con l’ambiente stesso. Al fine di meglio comprendere i problemi legati allintrinseca eterogeneit`a dei sistemi pervasivi, dobbiamo prima descrivere la struttura fondamentale di questi sistemi classificandoli attraverso la loro dimensione fisica e quella dei loro servizi. La dimensione fisica descrive l’ambiente fisico e tutti i dispositivi che fanno parte del contesto della applicazione. La dimensione dei servizi descrive le funzionalit`a (siano esse software o no) che l’ambiente `e in grado di fornire [Nor99]. I sistemi pervasivi vengono cos`ı classificati attraverso una metrica pi `u formale del tipo risorse, contesto, servizi, coordinazione ed applicazione. UBIDEV, come risultato di questa dissertazione, introduce un modello uniforme per la descrizione e lo sviluppo di applicazioni in ambienti dinamici ed eterogenei. Il modello `e composto dai seguenti concetti di base: • Risorse: gli elementi dell’ambiente fisico che fanno parte del modello dellapplicazione. Questi rappresentano l’unit`a di astrazione atomica di tutto il modello UBIDEV. • Contesto: le informazioni sullo stato dell’ambiente che il sistema utilizza per adattare il comportamento dell’applicazione. Il contesto include informazioni legate alle risorse, ai servizi ed alle relazioni che li legano. • Classificazione: l’ambiente viene classificato sulla base di una ontologia che rappresenta il punto di accordo a cui tutti i moduli di sistema fanno riferimento. Questa classificazione rappresenta il modello concettuale dell’applicazione che si riflette sull’intero ambiente. Si definisce cos`ı la semantica di base per tutto il sistema. • Servizi: le funzionalit`a che il sistema `e in grado di fornire; ogni servizio `e descritto in termini di trasformazione di una o pi `u risorse. Le applicazioni sono cos`ı definite in termini di cooperazione tra servizi autonomi. • Coordinazione: tutti gli aspetti legati alla composizione ed alla esecuzione di servizi cos`ı come l’elaborazione dell’informazione contestuale. • Ontologia dell’Applicazione: rappresenta il punto di vista dell’applicazione; definisce la semantica delle risorse, dei servizi e dell’informazione contestuale. Applicando il paradigma proposto da UBIDEV, si possono descrivere applicazioni in accordo con un modello Service-oriented [Bie02] ed, al tempo stesso, ridurre l’applicazione stessa alle sue funzionalit`a di alto livello senza intervenire troppo su come queste funzionalit` a devono essere realizzate dalle singole componenti fisiche

An ontology-based P2P infrastructure to support context discovery in pervasive computing

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

Context Awareness in Information Logistics

Ziel der Informationslogistik ist eine optimale Informationsversorgung von Personen, die deren individuellen Bedürfnissen entspricht. Zu diesem Zweck berücksichtigt die Informationslogistik verschiedene Dimensionen. Eine Dimension, die einen großen Einfluss auf Informationsbedarfe und ihre optimale Befriedigung hat, ist die Situation von Entitäten oder, mit anderen Worten, die Dimension Kontext. Welche Informationen für einen Benutzer relevant sind und wie sie ihm optimal zugestellt werden können, ist oftmals von kontextuellen Faktoren abhängig. Überdies wird die traditionelle Nutzung von Computern immer stärker durch mobile und ubiquitäre IT-Umgebungen ergänzt oder von diesen sogar abgelöst. In solchen Umgebungen finden Kontextwechsel, insbesondere hinsichtlich der verfügbaren Kommunikationsmedien, sehr häufig statt. Informationslogistische Anwendungen müssen sich daher flexibel an unterschiedliche Kontexte anpassen, um eine optimale Informationsversorgung zu gewährleisten. Die Berücksichtigung der Dimension Kontext ermöglicht es informationslogistischen Anwendungen weiterhin, nutzerfreundlicher und leichter bedienbar zu sein, da weniger explizite Eingaben vom Benutzer benötigt werden. Dadurch können sich Benutzer stärker auf ihre eigentlichen Aufgaben konzentrieren, anstatt sich um die Bedienung von Softwareanwendungen kümmern zu müssen. Die Qualität der Informationsversorgung und die Bedienbarkeit informationslogistischer Anwendungen werden daher durch die Berücksichtigung der Dimension Kontext deutlich erhöht. Die Fähigkeit von Softwaresystemen, ihr Verhalten und die Versorgung ihrer Benutzer mit Informationen und Diensten an den jeweiligen Kontext anzupassen, wird als Context Awareness bezeichnet. Kontextinformationen wurden jedoch bisher in der Informationslogistik nicht berücksichtigt. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, informationslogistische Anwendungen kontextsensitiv zu machen. Zu diesem Zweck werden sie um eine neue Komponente, die Context Component, erweitert. Diese Komponente behandelt alle Aspekte der Abbildung, Erkennung, Verwaltung und Bereitstellung von Kontextinformationen. Durch sie sind informationslogistische Anwendungen in der Lage, Optimierungen in Bezug auf die Dimension Kontext durchzuführen, sodass die Qualität der Informationsversorgung und der Grad der Erfüllung von Nutzerbedürfnissen erheblich erhöht werden. In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Konzepte, Modelle und eine Referenzarchitektur für die Context Component informationslogistischer Anwendungen vorgestellt. Sie beinhaltet ein Kontextmodell, das die Grundlage für die konsistente und effiziente Verarbeitung von Kontext bildet. Darüberhinaus werden Techniken für die umfassende Kontexterkennung auf Basis heterogener Kontextsensoren, die Anreicherung, Filterung, Verwaltung und Bereitstellung dieser Daten sowie ihre Verknüpfung mit Qualitätsmerkmalen dargestellt. Die Referenzarchitektur der Context Component stellt den verschiedenen mit informationslogistischen Anwendungen befassten Interessengruppen eine Richtlinie zur Verfügung, die sich auf alle Aspekte des Lebenszyklus der Komponente erstreckt. Sie unterstützt die Erfüllung sowohl der funktionalen als auch der nichtfunktionalen Anforderungen an die Context Component und gewährleistet auf diese Weise, dass die Komponentensoftware qualitativ hochwertig ist.Information logistics aims to optimize information supply with regard to various dimensions according to users demands. One of the dimensions which significantly affect information demands and their optimized fulfillment is the situation of entities or, in other words, the dimension of context. The pieces of information that are relevant to a user and the optimal way of supplying them are frequently determined by contextual factors. In addition, mobile and ubiquitous computing environments more and more complement or even replace traditional desktop computing. These environments are characterized by rapid context changes, in particular concerning the available communication media. Information logistic applications thus have to flexibly adapt to context in order to ensure an optimized information supply. A consideration of context also enables information logistic applications to become increasingly unobtrusive by reducing the amount of explicit user input they require. As a consequence, users are allowed to focus on their actual tasks rather than having to concern themselves with issues of how to interact with software applications. Therefore, the quality of information supply and the usability of information logistic applications can significantly be improved by considering the dimension of context. The ability of software systems to adapt their behaviour and the provision of information and services to context is called context awareness. Contextual information, however, has not been taken into account in information logistics so far. The goal of this thesis is to make information logistic applications context-aware. For this purpose they are added a new component called the Context Component. This component deals with all aspects related to the representation, gathering, management, and supply of context. By this means information logistic applications are enabled to perform optimizations with regard to the dimension of context and thus to improve the quality of information supply and the degree to which users demands are met. This thesis presents concepts, models, and a reference architecture for the Context Component of information logistic applications. It incorporates a context model that serves as a basis for the consistent and efficient processing of context. Furthermore, techniques for a sophisticated gathering of context data from heterogeneous sensors, the augmentation, filtering, management, and supply of these data as well as their association with quality characteristics are presented. The reference architecture for the Context Component provides the various stakeholders of information logistic applications with a comprehensive guideline covering all aspects of the component s life cycle. It supports the fulfillment of both the functional and the non-functional requirements made onto the Context Component and as a result ensures that the component software is of high quality

Adaptations dynamiques au contexte en informatique ambiante : propriétés logiques et temporelles

In ubiquitous computing, applications are built as a collaboration of computerized and communicating objects called devices. Because these devices can be mobile or subject to failures, this infrastructure evolves dynamically and unpredictably. Thus, to fit seamlessly into their environment and to provide the functionalities expected by users which are often more sustainable than the environment, applications must dynamically adapt to these changes. Each of these variable phenomena pursues its own dynamic. The challenge offered to adaptation mechanisms is to be able to consider them, with suitable dynamics.For this purpose, we propose an architectural model and an adaptation mechanism. The architectural model is based on four levels organized hierarchically according to their complexity and to the dynamics they can offer. We combine to this architectural model an adaptation mechanism. Based on the separation of concerns principle, our mechanism allows us to consider the variability of the system. Due to the unpredictability of the environment, the sets of adaptations that will be deployed by the upper levels of the architecture may not have been anticipated at design time. Also, thanks to some logical and temporal properties, these adaptations can be composed in non-anticipated way and with appropriate response time. The proposed mechanism, called cascaded aspects, is implemented using Aspects of Assembly and the WComp execution platform.En informatique ambiante, les applications sont construites en faisant interagir entre eux des objets informatisés et communicants appelés dispositifs. Parce que ces dispositifs peuvent être mobiles ou subir des pannes, cette infrastructure évolue dynamiquement et de manière imprévisible. Aussi, pour s’insérer de manière transparente dans leur environnement et fournir les fonctionnalités attendues par les utilisateurs, bien souvent plus pérennes que l’environnement sur lequel elles reposent, les applications doivent s’adapter dynamiquement à ces évolutions. Ces phénomènes variables poursuivant leur propre dynamique, le défi proposé aux mécanismes d’adaptation est d’être capable de les prendre encompte, avec une dynamique adaptée à chacun d’entre eux.Dans cette optique, nous proposons un modèle architectural ainsi qu’un mécanisme d’adaptation. Le modèle architectural repose sur quatre niveaux organisés hiérarchiquement en fonction de leur complexité et de la dynamique qu’ils peuvent offrir. Nous lui associons un mécanisme d’adaptation qui, à partir du principe de séparation des préoccupations permet d’exprimer la variabilité du système. En raison de l’imprévisibilité de l’environnement, les ensembles d’adaptations qui seront déployées par les niveaux supérieurs de l’architecture ne peuvent pas nécessairement être anticipés à la conception. Aussi, grâce à un ensemble de propriétés logiques et temporelles, ces adaptations peuvent être composées de manière non-anticipée dans des temps de réponse adaptés. Le mécanisme d’adaptation proposé, appelé cascade d’aspects, est expérimenté en se basant sur les Aspects d’Assemblages et la plateforme d’exécution WComp

Context-Sensitive Resource Discovery

This paper presents the "Solar" system framework that allows resources to advertise context-sensitive names and for applications to make context-sensitive name queries. The heart of our framework is a small specification language that allows composition of "context-processing operators" to calculate the desired context. Resources use the framework to register names, and applications use the framework to look up contextsensitive name descriptions. The back-end system executes these operators and constantly updates the context values, adjusting advertised names and informing applications about changes. We report experimental results from a prototype, using a modified version of the Intentional Naming System (INS) as the core directory service