Input Output HMM for Indoor Temperature Prediction in Occupancy Management Under User Preferences

In this paper, a probabilistic machine learning method is proposed to predict the indoor temperature of an office environment. An IOHMM-based model is developed to represent the office environment under different circumstances of heating sources. One year of time series data is observed and studied to learn the dynamics of the indoor thermal states. The uncertainty associated with the changing aspects of the indoor temperature and its dependence on the outdoor temperature is considered in the model development. The well-known Baum Welch and forward-backward algorithms are adapted to learn the model parameters. Then, the Viterbi algorithm is used to predict the maximum path of hidden states, leading to predicting the most likely future temperatures. A numerical application is presented to demonstrate the model development steps and the training and testing results. Finally, the model's performance is validated using leave-one-out cross-validation, which shows that the model has a prediction accuracy of about 78%

Prototype of Automation for Car Washing

En el presente documento se describe el desarrollo de un prototipo electrónico a escala automatizado para un lavado de autos por medio de un microcontrolador, a partir de una estructura tipo ascensor que controla las diferentes fases del proceso. Esta estructura tipo ascensor de un metro de altura cuenta con seis módulos; cada uno de los niveles cuenta con diferentes actuadores ejecutados por comandos programables realizando los procesos de lavado en cada estación de acuerdo a los requerimientos del usuario. Esta estructura cuenta con 2 interruptores de ingreso los cuales por medio de pulsos dan la indicación al microcontrolador PIC 18f4550 a el tipo de lavado que el usuario pretende realizar, los sistemas actuadores cuenta con cinco ELECTROVALVULAS y dos PUENTE H los cuales dan activación a todos los procesos encargados del lavado; cada nivel del ascensor cuenta con sensores que indican la posición el auto en todo momento, estos representan pulsos de entrada al microcontrolador; se cuenta con un elevador con 2 motores controlados por el micro (el primero ubicado en la parte superior de la estructura encargada de subir y bajar, el segundo en la bandeja de ingreso y salida del auto para cada módulo). Luego de finalizar los procesos automáticamente el auto es desplazado al primer nivel del ascensor “Entrada” para completar la secuencia programadaThe present document describes the development of an electronic prototype at an automated scale for a car wash by means of a microcontroller, from a lift-type structure that controls the different phases of the process. This one-meter-tall elevator-type structure has six modules; each of the levels has different actuators executed by programmable commands performing the washing processes in each station according to the user's requirements. This structure has two input switches which by means of pulses give the indication to the PIC 18f4550 microcontroller to the type of washing that the user intends to carry out, the actuator systems has five SOLENOID VALVES and two H-BRIDGE which activate all the processes responsible for washing; each level of the elevator has sensors that indicate the position of the car at all times, these represent pulses of input to the microcontroller; It has an elevator with two engines controlled by the micro (the first located in the upper part of the structure responsible for raising and lowering, the second in the input and output tray of the car for each module). After finishing the processes automatically the car is moved to the first level of the elevator "Entrance" to complete the programmed sequence

Building energy metering and environmental monitoring - A state-of-the-art review and directions for future research

Buildings are responsible for 40% of global energy use and contribute towards 30% of the total CO2 emissions. The drive to reduce energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions from buildings has acted as a catalyst in the increasing installation of meters and sensors for monitoring energy use and indoor environmental conditions in buildings. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in building energy metering and environmental monitoring, including their social, economic, environmental and legislative drivers. The integration of meters and sensors with existing building energy management systems (BEMS) is critically appraised, especially with regard to communication technologies and protocols such as ModBus, M-Bus, Ethernet, Cellular, ZigBee, WiFi and BACnet. Findings suggest that energy metering is covered in existing policies and regulations in only a handful of countries. Most of the legislations and policies on energy metering in Europe are in response to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), 2002/91/EC. However, recent developments in policy are pointing towards more stringent metering requirements in future, moving away from voluntary to mandatory compliance. With regards to metering equipment, significant developments have been made in the recent past on miniaturisation, accuracy, robustness, data storage, ability to connect using multiple communication protocols, and the integration with BEMS and the Cloud – resulting in a range of available solutions, selection of which can be challenging. Developments in communication technologies, in particular in low-power wireless such as ZigBee and Bluetooth LE (BLE), are enabling cost-effective machine to machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) implementation of sensor networks. Privacy and data protection, however, remain a concern for data aggregators and end-users. The standardization of network protocols and device functionalities remains an active area of research and development, especially due to the prevalence of many protocols in the BEMS industry. Available solutions often lack interoperability between hardware and software systems, resulting in vendor lock-in. The paper provides a comprehensive understanding of available technologies for energy metering and environmental monitoring; their drivers, advantages and limitations; factors affecting their selection and future directions of research and development – for use a reference, as well as for generating further interest in this expanding research area

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference EEDAL'11 Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting

This book contains the papers presented at the sixth international conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting. EEDAL'11 was organised in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 2011. This major international conference, which was previously been staged in Florence 1997, Naples 2000, Turin 2003, London 2006, Berlin 200h9a s been very successful in attracting an international community of stakeholders dealing with residential appliances, equipment, metering liagnhdti ng (including manufacturers, retailers, consumers, governments, international organisations aangde ncies, academia and experts) to discuss the progress achieved in technologies, behavioural aspects and poliacineds , the strategies that need to be implemented to further progress this important work. Potential readers who may benefit from this book include researchers, engineers, policymakers, and all those who can influence the design, selection, application, and operation of electrical appliances and lighting.JRC.F.7-Renewable Energ