Sistem Pemeringkatan Kualitas Beras Berbasis Teknik Spektroskopi Bimodal: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Beras merupakan makanan pokok dan menjadi sumber utama karbohidrat bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Indonesia berada pada posisi ketiga dari negara penghasil beras terbesar di dunia. Jenis dan kualitas beras yang dihasilkan pun beragam. Berdasarkan SNI 6128:2015, mutu beras diklasifikasikan berdasarkan bentuk, warna, derajat sosoh dan kadar air dari bulir beras. Disisi lain, beras dikonsumsi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi tubuh, sehingga perlu untuk mengetahui kandungan nutrisi dari beras tersebut. Komposisi terbesar dari beras adalah pati, yang mendominasi hingga 85%. Pati terdiri dari 2 karbohidrat polimer yang disebut amilosa dan amilopektin. Kandungan lain yang dimiliki oleh beras adalah zat antioksidan yang dapat mencegah sejumlah penyakit, seperti ; kanker, serangan jantung, penyumbatan pembuluh darah serta melindungi sistem saraf pusat. Molekul yang memiliki peran sebagai antioksidan pada beras adalah fenolik, flavonoid dan antosianin. Guna memenuhi nutrisi dalam tubuh penting untuk mengetahui jenis beras yang memiliki kandungan nutrisi terbaik. Metode yang paling sering digunakan untuk mengetahui kandungan nutrisi pada beras saat ini adalah metode analisis kimia. Penggunaan metode tersebut memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama serta preparasi sampel yang cukup sulit. Oleh sebab itu, metode pengukuran berbasis spektroskopi yang tidak memerlukan persiapan sampel yang rumit adalah solusi untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan sebuah penelitian pendahuluan untuk membangun metoda prediksi yang akurat atas kandungan amilosa, fenolik dan flavonoid, serta elemen yang terkandung pada beras. Metode analisa kimia digunakan untuk mengetahui kadar amilosa, fenolik dan flavonoid pada beras dan sebagai validasi dari sistem prediksi. Sistem prediksi dilakukan menggunakan metode Partial Least Square (PLS) untuk mengetahui kadar amilosa, fenolik, dan flavonoid dari beras berdasarkan spektrum Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) yang tervalidasi dengan pengukuran kadar sampel larutan standar. Sehingga, diharapkan nantinya dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kadar amilosa, fenolik dan flavonoid hanya berdasarkan spektrum FTIR dari beras, tanpa perlu dilakukan preparasi sampel yang rumit. Sementara itu, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) digunakan untuk mengetahui elemen yang terkandung pada beras. Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan pengelompokan dan klasifikasi kualitas beras menggunakan metode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) berdasarkan spektrum FTIR dan LIBS. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan sistem prediksi kandungan amilosa, fenolik dan flavonoid dengan nilai koefisien determinasi secara berturut-turut adalah 0,95 ; 0,86 ; 0,95 serta nilai RMSE secara berturut-turut adalah 1,4 ; 0,72 ; 0,44. Berdasarkan spektrum LIBS yang didapatkan dari 13 jenis beras, elemen yang terkandung pada beras adalah Mg, Fe, Na, K, Ca, C, H dan O. Hasil pengelompokan berdasarkan spektrum FTIR dan LIBS yang didapatkan, kualitas jenis beras terklasifikasi menjadi 3, yaitu beras kualitas tinggi, beras premium dan beras medium. ================================================================================================================================ Rice is a staple food and the main source of carbohydrates for Indonesian people. Indonesia is in the third position of the world's largest rice producer. The type and quality of rice produced is also varied. Based on SNI 6128:2015, the quality of rice is classified by form, color and moisture content from rice grain. On the other hand, rice is consumed to fulfill the nutritional needs of the body, so it is necessary to know the nutrient content of the rice. The largest composition of rice is starch, which dominates up to 85%. Starch consists of 2 carbohydrate polymers called amylose and amylopectin. Other content belonging to rice is an antioxidant substance that can prevent a number of diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, obstruction of blood vessels and protecting the central nervous system. Molecules that have a role as antioxidants in rice are phenolic, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Therefore, to fulfill nutrients in the body is important to know the type of rice that has the best nutrient content. The most commonly used method to find out nutrient content in rice is a chemical analysis based method. The use of these method requires a considerable time and sample preparation that is quite difficult. Therefore, spectroscopic-based measuring methods that do not require complicated sample preparation are the solution of these problems. In this study, a preliminary research is conducted to develope an accurate prediction method of amylose, phenolic and flavonoid content, also elements contained in rice. Methods of chemical analysis are used to determine the levels of amylose, phenolic and flavonoids in rice which are then used as a validation from prediction system. The predictive system is carried out using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method to determine the levels of amylose, phenolic, and flavonoids from rice based on the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum that validated with standard solution measurement . Therefore, it is expected that later it can be used to measure the levels of amylose, phenolic and flavonoids only based on the FTIR spectrum of rice, without complicated sample preparation. Meanwhile, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to figure out the elements contained in the rice. In this research also carried out clustering and classification of rice quality using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method based on the Spectrum FTIR and LIBS. The results of this research, obtained a prediction system to determine levels of amylose, phenolic and flavonoids with the value of coefficient of determination 0.95; 0.86; 0.95 respectively and the RMSE value 1.4; 0.72; 0.44 respectively. Based on the spectrum of LIBS obtained from 13 types of rice, the elements contained in the rice are Mg, Fe, Na, K, Ca, C, H and O. Results of clustering based on the FTIR spectrum and LIBS obtained, the quality of the type of rice classified into 3, namely High quality rice, premium rice and medium rice

Avalanching on dunes and its effects: Size statistics, stratification, & seismic surveys

Geophysical research has long been interdisciplinary, with many phenomena on the Earth's surface involving multiple, linked processes that are best understood using a combination of techniques. This is particularly true in the case of grain flows on sand dunes, in which the sedimentary stratification with which geologists are concerned arises from the granular processes investigated by physicists and engineers, and the water permeation that interests hydrologists and soil scientists determines the seismic velocities of concern to exploration geophysicists. In this dissertation, I describe four projects conducted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, using a combination of laboratory experimentation, fieldwork, numerical simulation, and mathematical modelling to link avalanching on dunes to its effects on stratification, on the permeation of water, and on seismic surveys. Firstly, I describe experiments on erodible, unbounded, grain piles in a channel, slowly supplied with additional grains, and I demonstrate that the behaviour of the consequent, discrete avalanches alternates between two regimes, typified by their size statistics. Reconciling the `self-organised criticality' that several authors have predicted for such a system with the hysteretic behaviour that others have observed, the system exhibits quasi-periodic, system-spanning avalanches in one regime, while in the other avalanches pass at irregular intervals and have a power-law size distribution. Secondly, I link this power-law size distribution to the strata emplaced by avalanches on bounded grain piles. A low inflow rate of grains into an experimental channel develops a pile, composed of strata in which blue-dyed, coarser grains overlie finer grains. Associating stopped avalanche fronts with the `trapped kinks' described by previous authors, I show that, in sufficiently large grain piles, mean stratum width increases linearly with distance downslope. This implies the possibility of interpreting paleodune height from the strata of aeolian sandstones, and makes predictions for the structure of avalanche-associated strata within active dunes. Thirdly, I discuss investigations of these strata within active, Qatari barchan dunes, using dye-infiltration to image strata in the field and extracting samples across individual strata with sub-centimetre resolution. Downslope increases in mean stratum width are evident, while measurements of particle size distributions demonstrate preferential permeation of water along substrata composed of finer particles, explaining the strata-associated, localised regions of high water content discovered by other work on the same dunes. Finally, I consider the effect of these within-dune variations in water content on seismic surveys for oil and gas. Having used high performance computing to simulate elastic wave propagation in the vicinity of an isolated, barchan sand dune, I demonstrate that such a dune acts as a resonator, absorbing energy from Rayleigh waves and reemitting it over an extensive period of time. I derive and validate a mathematical framework that uses bulk properties of the dune to predict quantitative properties of the emitted waves, and I demonstrate the importance of internal variations in seismic velocity, resulting from variations in water content.This work was supported by a PhD studentship within the Cambridge Earth Systems Science Doctoral Training Partnership (ESS DTP), funded by the National Environmental Research Council, grant number NE/L002507/1. Additional support was provided by Schlumberger Cambridge Research (SCR), through a CASE studentship

Integrated Community Food Production. A Compendium of Climate-resilient Agriculture Options

This compendium of best practices brings together practical ecologically sound and nutrition-sensitive approaches to improving the productivity of backyard, community and family farms. With the increasing awareness of the importance of safe and healthy diets, there is a resurgence of interest in these complementary pathways to household level food security Many of these ideas are not scale neutral and therefore best done on small scale systems. The opportunities for diversification and intensification are often greater in these backyard and family centered systems. Most of these small scale production systems can quickly be transformed to chemical-free systems of production. This compendium has four main sections: the first section is an Overview chapter which provides a conceptual understanding of the value of agro ecological approaches. It has articles on climate smart agriculture approaches which IIRR has been promoting as part of its engagement with the global CCAFS network and the Philippine Department of Agriculture AMIA 2 Program. The second section is on Intensive Organic Gardening. This section includes the very best of the articles that IIRR has produced in its Bio Intensive Gardening program which it has adapted and refined over three decades and now being promoted nationally through the Department of Education of the Philippine government. The IDRC Canada (and earlier, UNICEF) has been a big supporter of this approach. The bio-intensive gardening program includes a tree component that helps create a micro climate in gardens that lowers the ambient temperatures by 2-3 degrees. Its emphasis on diversity helps turn these gardens into focal points for conserving vegetable diversity. Ways to enhance the nutrition contributions of gardens receive special consideration. This section on organic gardening is comprehensive and, can serve as the basis for designing a training program and field level interventions. The third section is on Family Farming. Here IIRR has relied on its own experiences as well that of other agencies (UPLB, Phil Rice, MBRLC, PRRM, World Neighbors and others) which have contributed articles to previous source books. Crop production is emphasized mostly those relying on regenerative agriculture approaches. Special efforts were made to include climate-smart agriculture ideas (agroforestry, conservation agriculture, mitigation opportunities in agriculture etc). Diversification and sustainable diversification characterizes the approach to family farming. The fourth section is on Small Livestock and Fish Production. Small scale livestock and fish production systems are highlighted in this section. The concern about hormones and antibiotic use in meat production is surfacing as a major health concern. Rural communities can meet their own needs (or even supply local markets) with animals produced in backyards and small farms. Alternative (improved) feeding systems are highlighted in this section (e.g. pig rations formulated from locally secured products). Low cost housing can help reduce the impacts of rising temperatures on livestock and along with small fish production systems, can contribute to enhancing protein requirements of families. Organic meat creates special niche market opportunities for the small producer. This compendium highlights ways of producing food with a small carbon foot print. Diverse systems of food production are environmentally sound and as long as climate change remains a threat, there will be a role for these systems. Moreover, as long as a third of the population (in developing countries) remains poor, and malnourishment prevails, there will be a special role for community level food production. This compendium features one hundred simple ideas each of which, in a small way, can contribute to climate-smart and nutrition-smart ways of producing food

Resources and decisions: Peasant farmer agricultural management and its relevance for rural development planning in Kwara State, Nigeria.

Many explanations offered for 'traditional' farming in Africa often concern production patterns without a serious attempt at understanding the underlying decision-making process. This study seeks to focus on the factors which influence decision-making in peasant agriculture from an emic perspective. Much of the failure in attempts to induce agricultural change in 'traditional' peasant systems is due to a lack of appreciation that historical, social, cultural and personal factors are as strong as the interplay of economic variables in influencing agricultural production. Understanding of farmers' knowledge and perception of the environment thus becomes a focus of interest in any attempt to structure change in the interests of the rural community. This study attempts to explain what farmers do, and why they do them, from their own perspective. To this end, the behavioural approach is used as the basis of explanation. The method of investigation is centred on the 'triad' strategy of 'observing', 'listening and recording' and 'asking questions' proposed by Whyte (1977) as the proper basis for the study of environmental cognition.;The following are typical of the study's detailed findings. a) Farmers' goals reflect a response to their 'representational model' of the rural-urban dichotomy in Nigeria. b) Production systems are governed by an organized system of knowledge (ethnoscience) which is valid. c) The 'conservative' and 'primitive' image given to 'traditional' farmers is misplaced. Not only is the farming system rational, farmers are eager to accept changes which they consider useful. d) Evidence suggests that farmers have a lot to teach, and to share with, planners and so-called 'experts'. Rather than being obstacles to rural transformation, partnership with farmers seems to be the best route to agricultural change. e) When appropriate methodology is used in studying farmers' decisions, they are sources of rich environmental information

Best bet options for Integrated Watershed Managemnet

Not AvailableWatershed is not simply the hydrological unit but also socio-political-ecological entity which plays crucial role in determining food, social, and economical security and provides life support services to rural people. The criteria for selecting watershed size also depend on the objectives of the development and terrain slope. A large watershed can be managed in plain valley areas or where forest or pasture development is the main objective. In hilly areas or where intensive agriculture development is planned, the size of watershed relatively preferred is small.Not Availabl

アフリカの農業開発におけるローカル・イニシアティヴの可能性 : ナイジェリア中部の農村地域コミュニティにおける生業及び自然資源管理に関する研究

学位の種別:課程博士University of Tokyo(東京大学

Salvage rites: making memory on a Montana homestead

The preservation of selected sites and artefacts privileges certain forms of cultural memory. Other material cultures, no longer useful and deemed unworthy of preservation, accumulate in overlooked places. Abandoned in a state of unfinished disposal, these objects and structures can generate unpredictable and unruly effects. Such degraded materialities may trigger apprehensions of cultural memory in a mode unfamiliar to the museum or the heritage park. This study takes up the residual material culture of a homestead in Western Montana to explore how history and memory are made, and remade, through interactions between people and things. Theories of performativity and intersubjectivity inform a move away from a broadly representational or semiotic understanding of material culture. In this study, experimental methodologies access the different ways in which material engagements animate the potential effects of a given artefact. One approach explores the potential for inclusive, artful inventory practice. Another engages in a process of associative storytelling which assembles disparate objects in constellations of meaning. A third approach observes the way in which sensory or haptic memory arises out of embodied action and practical reclamation. Finally, the thesis considers the nature of cultural memory and the processes of decay that obscure certain residues of knowledge even as they expose others. In conclusion, the thesis considers the social and political implications of such non-essentialist encounters with memory and materiality. The thesis argues that these active, creative encounters with objects open up the possibility for an ethical relation to the past-a salvage both of cultural artefacts and of overlooked histories

Archaeobotanical investigations at Khok Phanom Di, Central Thailand

This thesis concerns the role of plants in the lives, and especially the diet, of the prehistoric potting community at Khok Phanom Di, a large mound situated on the Bang Pakong floodplain at the head of the Gulf of Thailand. The site lies on the southeastern seaboard, currently more than 20 km from the coast, but was occupied between 2000-1500 BC, on a higher shoreline. Excavations during 1985 involved extensive and systematic flotation to extract charred plant remains from a 500 year stratigraphy, almost 7 m deep. Charcoal, seeds and the remains of rice have been examined, together with remarkably well preserved coprolites, mineralised wood, and fibres, possibly the remains of burial shrouds. There were also impressions of leaves and stems for which identification has not been attempted. The archaeobotanical materials from the site contribute to environmental reconstruction and an understanding of the use of plant resources by this mangrove-based community. This archaeobotanical study stands in isolation in mainland Southeast Asia in its scope and methodology. Reference collections have been established and ethnobotanical surveys undertaken in the mangroves and adjacent lowlands of southeastern Thailand. Special emphasis was given to the taphonomy of rice. An ethnographic model of rice processing is explored. Comparisons between methods of post-harvest processing of rice and those for wheats and barley, show that rice waste products are less likely to be exposed to fire during processing, which helps to explain why rice is less well represented in the charred archaeobotanical record. Diagnostic criteria for distinguishing between the remains of wild and domesticated rice using SEM studies of lemma and palea features have been investigated. Reniform abscission scars and the absence awns in some of the archaeological husks suggest that the Khok Phanom Di people had access to domesticated rice supplies. Shell harvesting knives and stone hoes confirm that the community was involved in some form of cultivation, probably in ephemeral, freshwater swamps inland. This research has extended beyond the analysis of the plant remains to a broader view of the plant communities (mangrove, saltflats and freshwater swamps) within access of the site. Ethnographic, ethnobotanical and ecological observations are used are used to examine these habitats in terms of possible resource use, and thus to the broad subsistence base beyond the carbohydrate staple