Real-time ultrasound elastography - a new tool for diagnosing thyroid nodules

Introduction: Real-time elastography (RTE) is a non-invasive ultrasound method of estimation of tissue stiffness by measuring the degree of local tissue displacements after a small compression. Recent data has shown its ability to differentiate benign from malignant tumours. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of RTE in the diagnosis of malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Material and methods: 71 thyroid nodules in 52 patients: 42 females and 10 males aged 28-77 were examined using conventional ultrasonography (US), fine-flow CD imaging and RTE. All nodules previously underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), and patients with malignant and suspicious cytological results were referred for surgery. The final diagnosis was based on FNAB results in patients with benign cytology and on the histopathology reading in those who underwent surgery. An elasticity score (ES) from 1 to 5 was determined for each nodule according to the Ueno classification. Results: An elasticity score (ES) of 4 or 5 was found in 19 out of 22 (86.5%) thyroid cancers and in only 1 out of 31 (3%) benign nodules. This was strongly indicative for malignancy (p < 0.0001) with sensitivity 86%, specificity 97%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95% and negative predictive value (NPV) 91%. Conclusions: RTE is a highly sensitive and specific method of diagnosing thyroid nodules. This technique can be employed in selecting thyroid nodules for fine-needle aspiration biopsy. (Pol J Endocrinol 2010; 61 (6): 652-657)Wstęp: Elastografia czasu rzeczywistego (RTE, real-time elastography) jest nieinwazyjną metodą oceny twardości tkanki poprzez pomiar stopnia lokalnych przemieszczeń tkankowych pod wpływem słabego ucisku. Ostatnie dane wskazują na jej zdolność do różnicowania guzów łagodnych i złośliwych. Celem pracy była ocena dokładności diagnostycznej RTE w rozpoznawaniu złośliwych i łagodnych guzów tarczycy. Materiał i metody: Siedemdziesiąt jeden zmian ogniskowych tarczycy u 52 pacjentów: 42 kobiet i 10 mężczyzn w wieku 28-77 lat poddano badaniu ultrasonograficznemu w skali szarości, ocenie przepływów metodą fine-flow CD i RTE. Wszystkie zmiany były uprzednio poddane biopsji aspiracyjnej cienkoigłowej (BAC), a pacjenci z cytologicznym rozpoznaniem zmiany złośliwej lub podejrzanej byli kierowani do leczenia operacyjnego. Rozpoznanie ostateczne u pacjentów z cytologicznie stwierdzoną zmianą łagodną ustalono na podstawie wyniku BAC, zaś u poddanych operacji na podstawie wyniku badania histopatologicznego. Dla każdej zmiany oceniano wskaźnik elastyczności (ES) w skali od 1 do 5 zgodnie z klasyfikacją Ueno. Wyniki: Wskaźnik elastyczności 4 lub 5 stwierdzono w 19/22 (86,5%) raków tarczycy i tylko w 1/31 (3%) łagodnej zmianie ogniskowej. Wskazywał on silnie na złośliwość zmiany (p < 0,0001) z czułością 86%, swoistością 97%, dodatnią wartością predykcyjną 95% i ujemną wartością predykcyjną 91%. Wnioski: Elastografia czasu rzeczywistego jest wysoce czułą i swoistą metodą w diagnostyce zmian ogniskowych tarczycy. Technika ta może być stosowana do typowania zmian ogniskowych tarczycy wymagających biopsji aspiracyjnej cienkoigłowej. (Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61 (6): 652-657

Risk stratification of neck lesions detected sonographically during the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer

Context: The European Thyroid Association (ETA) has classified post-treatment cervical ultrasound findings in thyroid cancer patients based on their association with disease persistence/recurrence. Objective: To assess this classification's ability to predict the growth and persistence of such lesions during active post-treatment surveillance of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Design: Retrospective, observational study Setting: Thyroid cancer center, large Italian teaching hospital. Patients: Center referrals (2005–2014) were reviewed and patients selected with pathologically confirmed DTC; total thyroidectomy, with or without neck dissection and/or radioiodine remnant ablation; abnormal findings on ≥2 consecutive post-treatment neck sonograms; subsequent follow-up consisting of active surveillance. Baseline ultrasound abnormalities (thyroid bed masses, lymph nodes) were classified according to the ETA system. Patients were divided into group S (those with ≥1 lesion classified as ‘suspicious’) and group I (‘indeterminate’ lesions only). We recorded baseline and follow-up clinical data through 30 June 2015. Main Outcomes: Patients with growth (> 3 mm, largest diameter) of ≥1 lesion during follow-up, patients with ≥1 persistent lesion at the final visit. Results: The cohort included 58 (9%) of the 637 DTC cases screened. A total of 113 lesions were followed (18 thyroid bed masses, 95 lymph nodes). During surveillance (median 3.7 years), group I had significantly lower rates than group S of lesion growth (8% vs. 36%, p=0.01) and persistence (64% vs. 97%, p=0.014). Median time to scan normalization: 2.9 years. Conclusions: The ETA's evidence-based classification of sonographically detected neck abnormalities can help identify PTC patients eligible for more relaxed follow-up

Risk of lymph node metastases in multifocal papillary thyroid cancer associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors of lymph nodes metastases (LNM) in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and coexisting Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with PTC and HT who had undergone total thyroidectomy (TT) with central neck dissection (CND) over an 11-year period (between 2002 and 2012). Pathological reports of all eligible patients were reviewed. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors of LNM. RESULTS: During the study period, PTC was diagnosed in 130 patients with HT who had undergone TT with CND (F/M ratio = 110:20; median age, 52.4 ± 12.7 years). Multifocal lesions were observed in 28 (21.5 %) patients. LNM were identified in 25 of 28 (89.3 %) patients with multifocal PTC and HT versus 69 of 102 (67.5 %) patients with a solitary focus of PTC and HT (p = 0.023). In multivariable analysis, multifocal disease was identified as an independent risk factor for LNM (odds ratio, 3.99; 95 % confidence interval, 1.12 to 14.15; p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal PTC in patients with HT is associated with an increased risk of LNM. Nevertheless, the clinical importance of this finding needs to be validated in well-designed prospective studies

Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system and it is usually presented as nodular goiter, the last being extremely a common clinical and ultrasound finding. The widespread use of ultrasonography during the last decades has resulted in a dramatic increase in the prevalence of clinically inapparent thyroid nodules, which only in 5.0–10.0% harbor thyroid carcinoma. The goal of the initial sonographic assessment of thyroid nodules is to distinguish benign nodules that could be managed conservatively from those with suspicious or malignant features requiring further management, including fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), some axillary molecular techniques and thyroid surgery. Since over 90% of malignant thyroid nodules are differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) with good prognosis, it is necessary to establish strict criteria for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up in order to minimize the potential harm of over-treatment of low-risk patients and to provide adequate therapy to patients at high risk. This often requires an interdisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiologists and oncologists