Serosurvey of Smooth Brucella, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in Free-Ranging Jaguars (Panthera onca) and Domestic Animals from Brazil.

This study investigated the exposure of jaguar populations and domestic animals to smooth Brucella, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon biomes of Brazil. Between February 2000 and January 2010, serum samples from 31 jaguars (Panthera onca), 1,245 cattle (Bos taurus), 168 domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and 29 domestic cats (Felis catus) were collected and analysed by rose bengal test for smooth Brucella, microscopic agglutination test for Leptospira spp. and modified agglutination test for T. gondii. Cattle populations from all sites (9.88%) were exposed to smooth Brucella, but only one jaguar from Cerrado was exposed to this agent. Jaguars captured in the Cerrado (60.0%) and in the Pantanal (45.5%) were seropositive for different serovars of Leptospira spp., cattle (72.18%) and domestic dogs (13.1%) from the three sites and one domestic cat from Pantanal were also seropositive for the agent. The most prevalent serotype of Leptospira spp. identified in jaguars from the Cerrado (Grippotyphosa) and the Pantanal (Pomona) biomes were distinct from those found in the domestic animals sampled. Jaguars (100%), domestic dogs (38.28%) and domestic cats (82.76%) from the three areas were exposed to T. gondii. Our results show that brucellosis and leptospirosis could have been transmitted to jaguars by domestic animals; and jaguars probably play an important role in the maintenance of T. gondii in nature

Diversity, floristic composition, and structure of the woody vegetation of the Cerrado in the Cerrado–Amazon transition zone in Mato Grosso, Brazil

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40415-015-0186-2We compared the diversity and species composition and the structure of the vegetation of three distinct Cerrado phytophysiognomies (Cerradão, Dense Cerrado, and Typical Cerrado) in the Cerrado–Amazon transition, Mato Grosso (Brazil). Species richness (observed and estimated) in the Cerradão and Dense Cerrado was higher than that recorded in the Typical Cerrado. Species diversity, based on a Rényi profile, was highest in the Dense Cerrado, in comparison with the other phytophysiognomies. We recorded a higher number of exclusive species in the Cerradão and a greater similarity (Morisita and Sørensen indices) between this vegetation type and the Dense Cerrado. While individuals were tallest in the Cerradão and Dense Cerrado and lowest in the Typical Cerrado, there was no difference among phytophysiognomies in mean diameter. A gradient in decreasing species richness and diversity (hypothesis 1) and vegetation vertical structure (hypothesis 3) was expected for the Cerradão–Dense Cerrado–Typical Cerrado; however, neither hypothesis was supported by the results. The Cerradão and Dense Cerrado were most similar in species composition not confirming hypothesis 2, which predicted that the two savanna vegetation types (Dense Cerrado and Typical Cerrado) were more similar to one another than either is to the woodland (Cerradão). Overall, the similarities among the three study communities depended on the type of parameter analyzed. While the species richness and the vertical and structure of the vegetation of the Cerradão and Dense Cerrado are closely similar, the Cerradão and Typical Cerrado are more similar in their species diversity. With regard to the floristic composition, Dense Cerrado occupies an intermediate position between Cerradão and Typical Cerrado.UNEMAT Graduate Program in Ecology and ConservationBrazilian Higher Education Training Program (CAPES)“Tropical Biomes in Transition – TROBIT”CAPES/Science without Borders ProgramPELD/CNPq (Long-Term Ecological Studies)PROCAD UnB/UNEMA

Composição florística e estrutura da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea em um cerrado rupestre, Cocalzinho de Goiás, Goiás

Foi realizado um levantamento da vegetação arbutivo-arbórea (indivíduos com diâmetro a 30 cm do solo > 5 cm), em 1,0 hectare de cerrado rupestre (dez parcelas de 20 × 50 m), localizado em Cocalzinho de Goiás, Goiás, Brasil (15º48' S e 48º45' W). O objetivo foi avaliar e comparar as relações florísticas e as características estruturais deste cerrado sobre afloramentos rochosos com aquelas encontradas nos estudos já realizados em áreas de cerrado sentido restrito sobre solos profundos, localizados no Brasil Central. A composição florística do cerrado rupestre estudado é formada predominantemente por espécies das fitofisionomias do cerrado sentido restrito e em menor contribuição por espécies das formações florestais do bioma e espécies endêmicas de ambientes rupestres. A riqueza e a diversidade de espécies estão dentro dos limites normalmente encontrados para as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito do Brasil Central. Em termos estruturais, a densidade e área basal se assemelham aos valores registrados na subdivisão fitofisionômica de cerrado ralo. As condições ambientais limitantes, principalmente edáficas, não resultaram em mudanças expressivas na composição florística, riqueza e diversidade de espécies, mas refletiram em redução da densidade e área basal da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea do cerrado rupestre estudado.A vegetation survey of the woody species (at least 5 cm of trunk diameter at 30 cm above the ground) was conducted in a savanna on rocky soil (cerrado rupestre) in Cocalzinho de Goiás municipality, Goiás State, Brazil (15º48' S and 48º45' W). The objective was to compare the structure characteristics and the floristics of cerrado rupestre with those features found in cerrado stricto sensu areas occuring on deep soils in Central Brazil. The sample consisted in 1.0 hectare (ten plots, 20 × 50 m) in cerrado rupestre. The cerrado rupestre studied showed structural similarities with the physiognomy of open cerrado (cerrado ralo). The richness and the species diversity are similar with other brazilian savanna (cerrado stricto sensu areas of Brazil Central). The floristic composition revealed species predominantly from other physiognomies from the cerrado stricto sensu and to a lesser extent, species from forest formations from the bioma and endemics from this rocky environment. The floristic richness and diversity is similar to other savanna areas of Central Brazil. In structural terms, the density and basal area are similar to values found in open cerrado vegetation. The limiting environmental conditions, mainly edaphics, do not result in expressive changes in floristic composition, richness, and species diversity, but promoted reduction in density and basal area of the wood species in the cerrado rupestre studied

Composição e história natural das serpentes de Cerrado de Itirapina, São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil

Neotropical snake assemblages present high species richness and complex structures. The Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil, and was included among the 25 World's biodiversity hotspots. In southeastern Brazil, the remnant Cerrado areas have suffered intense destruction, and presently less than 2% of Cerrado natural vegetation remain in São Paulo state. Virtually no detailed study on Cerrado snakes was carried out in this region. The Itirapina region has one of the last well preserved remnants of open cerrado in São Paulo state. Our purpose in this work was the study of natural history and composition of the Cerrado snakes of Itirapina region. We performed an extensive field sampling combining six sampling methods in Estação Ecológica de Itirapina and disturbed Cerrado areas in its surroundings (municipalities of Itirapina and Brotas), during 101 trips throughout 43 months, between September 1998 and March 2002, corresponding to 446 days of field sampling. We also collected additional data from museum specimens housed in scientific collections. We present data on size, general abundance, habitat and macrohabitat use, daily and seasonal activity, feeding, reproduction, and defense. We also compared the Itirapina snake assemblage with nine snake assemblages of Brazil, from Amazonia, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and other open habitats. We recorded a total of 36 snake species among 755 individuals found in the field and six records from scientific collections and literature, belonging to 25 genera and five families. The snake assemblage comparisons indicate that the Cerrado has its own identity regarding the snake composition. Although small (about 2,300 ha), the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina encompasses well preserved and representative Cerrado physiognomic forms, which harbors a rich and typical Cerrado snake fauna. The occurrence of some species only inside the reserve also indicates that the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina is of fundamental importance to the maintenance of Cerrado biodiversity.As taxocenoses de serpentes neotropicais apresenta m alta riqueza de espécies e estruturas complexas. O Cerrado é o segundo maior bioma do Brasil e foi incluído entre os 25 hotspots globais de biodiversidade. No sudeste do Brasil, as áreas remanescentes de Cerrado têm sofrido intensa destruição, e atualmente restam menos de 2% da vegetação natural de Cerrado no estado de São Paulo. Praticamente nenhum estudo detalhado sobre serpentes do Cerrado foi realizado nesta região. A região de Itirapina apresenta um dos últimos remanescentes bem preservados de cerrado aberto no estado de São Paulo. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi o estudo da história natural e composição das serpentes de Cerrado da região de Itirapina. Nós realizamos uma amostragem de campo extensiva combinando seis métodos de amostragem na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina e áreas alteradas de Cerrado nas proximidades (municípios de Itirapina e Brotas), em 101 viagens durante 43 meses, entre setembro de 1998 e março de 2002, o que correspondeu a 446 dias de amostragem de campo. Também coletamos dados adicionais a partir de espécimes de coleções científicas. Apresentamos dados sobre tamanho, abundância geral, uso do ambiente e substrato, atividade diária e sazonal, dieta, reprodução e defesa. Também comparamos a taxocenose de serpentes de Itirapina com nove taxocenoses de serpentes do Brasil, incluindo a Amazônia, Mata Atlântica, Cerrado e outras formações abertas. Registramos na região de Itirapina 36 espécies de serpentes entre 755 indivíduos encontrados no campo e seis registros de coleções científicas e literatura, pertencentes a 25 gêneros de cinco famílias. As comparações entre taxocenoses indicam que o Cerrado apresenta uma identidade própria em relação à composição de espécies de serpentes. Apesar de limitada a um pequeno fragmento (cerca de 2.300 ha), a Estação Ecológica de Itirapina apresenta fisionomias conservadas e representativas de Cerrado, que abrigam uma fauna de serpentes rica e típica do Cerrado. A ocorrência de algumas espécies apenas no interior da reserva também indica que a Estação Ecológica de Itirapina é de importância fundamental para a manutenção da biodiversidade do Cerrado.FAPESPConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Instituto de Biociência

Taxonomia dos camundongos-do-mato, gênero Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) do Cerrado brasileiro, com a descrição de duas novas espécies

We present a taxonomic overview of the species of Oligoryzomys from the Brazilian Cerrado. We recognize seven species, including two described herein, making Oligoryzomys one of the most diverse mammalian genera of the Cerrado morphoclimatic domain. Oligoryzomys chacoensis occurs in the Cerrado and Chaco morphoclimatic domains. Oligoryzomys flavescens is distributed mainly in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and the Pampas region of Argentina and Uruguay, but is also found in gallery forest in the Cerrado of Brazil near the border of the Atlantic Forest. Oligoryzomys stramineus and O. fornesi occur in the Cerrado and Caatinga morphoclimatic domains. Oligoryzomys nigripes is found in the Atlantic Forest and in the Southern portion of the Cerrado. The two new species are endemic to the Cerrado, and one of them is found only in “campo rupestre” vegetation. Oligoryzomys eliurus and O. delticola are placed tentatively as junior synonyms of O. nigripes. Oligoryzomys fornesi is recognized as a distinct species from O. microtis.Apresentamos uma revisão taxonômica das espécies do gênero Oligoryzomys do Cerrado brasileiro. Reconhecemos sete espécies, incluindo duas aqui descritas, tornando Oligoryzomys um dos mais diversos gêneros de mamíferos do domínio morfoclimático do Cerrado. Oligoryzomys chacoensis ocorre nos domínios morfoclimáticos do Cerrado e do Chaco. Oligoryzomys flavescens se distribui principalmente na Mata Atlântica do Brasil e na região dos pampas da Argentina e Uruguai, mas é também encontrado em matas de galeria no Cerrado do Brasil próximo do limite com a Mata Atlântica. Oligoryzomys stramineus e O. fornesi ocorrem nos domínios morfoclimáticos do Cerrado e da Caatinga. Oligoryzomys nigripes é encontrado na Mata Atlântica e na porção sul do Cerrado. As duas novas espécies são endêmicas do Cerrado, e uma delas é encontrada apenas na vegetação de “campo rupestre”. Oligoryzomys eliurus e O. delticola são tentativamente consideradas sinônimos juniores de O. nigripes. Oligoryzomys fornesi é reconhecida como uma espécie distinta de O. microtis

Cryptic Diversity in the Neotropical Gecko Genus \u3cem\u3ePhyllopezus\u3c/em\u3e Peters, 1878 (Reptilia: Squamata: Phyllodactylidae): A New Species from Paraguay

The gecko genus Phyllopezus is distributed mainly along South America’s “Dry Diagonal” (Caatinga, Cerrado, and Chaco). The genus has been the subject of recent taxonomic analyses and includes four described species and seven candidate species referred to here as Phyllopezus pollicaris sensu lato. In Paraguay, Phyllopezus is known from the Chaco and Cerrado where it is abundant, and also from a small isolated population from a rocky hill formation named “Cordillera de Los Altos” (Los Altos mountain range). Here we analyzed genetic samples from across its range, including new samples from Paraguay, using DNA barcoding analysis of the mitochondrial 16S gene and phylogenetic analyses using both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods. We found genetic and morphological differences among geckos from the Los Altos mountain range and the remaining Phyllopezus populations. Using both molecular and morphological evidence we describe a new Phyllopezus species, sister toP. przewalskii. Genetic differentiation among described and putative Phyllopezus species is greater than their morphological differences, which likely accounts for these cryptic taxa remaining undescribed for so long

Protecting forests at the expense of native grasslands: Land-use policy encourages open-habitat loss in the Brazilian cerrado biome

The agricultural conversion of natural habitats is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide. In the ∼2 million km2 Brazilian cerrado biome, a global biodiversity hotspot, vast areas have been converted into croplands and cattle pastures. Because the cerrado biome is overwhelmingly contained within private lands, Brazil's environmental legislation should serve as a decisive instrument in protecting these natural ecosystems. We assessed the role of Legal Reserves (LRs), legally defined as the minimum proportion of private landholdings set aside to protect natural vegetation, in the conservation of the cerrado biome. We assume that the property-scale allocation of LRs is primarily based on economic decision-making, creating a bias against cerrado protection. We therefore assessed the area ratio between forest vegetation (FV) and grassland vegetation (GV) areas across LRs within 48,762 landholdings, 9 formal protected areas (PAs) and 34 Indigenous Lands (ILs) within the cerrado (sensu lato) of the 903,357-km2 state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. We show that there are 7.26 ha of forest lands for each hectare of native grasslands within private RLs of the cerrado biome within Mato Grosso, a ratio almost three-fold larger than that found in formal PAs and ILs. ILs protect in absolute values (hectares) six-fold more native grassland vegetation than PAs. We discuss the policy relevance of this severe land-use bias in maintaining the heterogeneity of cerrado habitats for biodiversity conservation within private properties, which account for 90% of the entire cerrado biome