Interleukin -2 ( Il-2 ) and Gamma Interferon ( Ifn ? ) of Lymphocyte Culture Supernatant in Iron Deficiency Anemia Patients with Infection

Iron is an essential nutrient for every living cells because of it role as molecule fortransport of oxygen, as well as DNA synthesis through synthesis of ribonucleotidereductase. Iron deficiency anemia patients, especially pregnant women and children aremore susceptible to infection because of deterioration of their immune response. This wassupported by findings of decreased in phagocytic activities of white blood cells and Tcelllymphocyte proliferation impairment. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients alsoaffect working capacities hence diminishing working outcomes. Although the underlyingmechanism of immune defect in iron deficiency anemia is not clearly understood,multifactor events considered play their contributing roles such as abnormality ofribonucleotide reductase enzym, impairment of T-cell proliferation and activities, alteredcytokine production of IL-2 and IFN?.The study was done to asses the relationship of IL-2 and gamma IFN withinfection in IDA patients on lymphocyte culture supernatant of IDA patients. Study wasconducted on cross-sectional analytic design. Sixty-four iron deficiency anemia patientstreated in Sanglah General Teaching Hospital were recruited, and 31 (48.4%) out of 64IDA patients were man and 33 (51.6%) women, have been selected for the study. Thisstudy found 17 (26.7%) IDA patients with infection, aged 38 ± 14.48 years and 47(73.3%) IDA patients without infection, with age average of 40.5 ± 14.4 years. Allvariables of data characteristics examined did not indicate any statistical significantdifference between group of IDA patients with infection and those without infection. Theaverage level of hemoglobin between the two groups did not differ statistically. Similarresult was obtained if samples were differentiated into severe (Hb< 7g/dl) and mildanemia. The study also revealed that there were no differences of cytokine level observedbetween older and younger age (upper and below 44.5 years) in IDA patients withinfection and without infection. Furthermore, no differences of cytokine level were foundbased on gender between IDA male 10.9 (8.60 – 12,65) (pg/l) patients and IDA femalepatients 10.6 (7.50 – 13.43) (pg/l) with Z -0.490, p =0.624. Nevertheless, significantdifferences were noted between supernatant of IL-2 and IFN? in IDA patients withinfection when compared to IDA patients without infection (Z= - 2.509, p= 0.012 forsupernatant IL-2; and Z= -2.569, p= 0.010 for supernatant IFN?).The study conclusion is that level of IL-2 and IFN? from lymphocyte culturesupernatant of patient suffered from IDA with infection is significantly lower whencompared to IDA patient without infection. It therefore summarized that lower level ofIL-2 and gamma IFN in patients suffered from iron deficiency impaired their immune response to certain infections therefore this findings support the theory that IDA patientsmore susceptible to get infected

Bioactive dairy ingredients for food and non-food applications

Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are most commonly encountered in the dairy industries, either existing naturally in milk or inoculated as starters in fermented dairy products. Recent research suggests that fermented dairy products are a cocktail of bioactive ingredients. The objective of our study was to evaluate the bioactivity of cell wall fractions of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium grown in reconstituted skimmed milk, and the possibility of intra- and extracellular extracts of these bacteria for applications in foods and beyond. Intracellular and extracellular extracts of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium showed inhibitory activities against food and dermal pathogens. All strains were able to produce inhibitors, such as organic acids, antimicrobial peptides, diacetyl, and hydrogen peroxide. Most strains showed higher production of extracellular than intracellular inhibitors (P<0.05). Meanwhile, all strains were able to produce hyaluronic acid, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, neutral sphingomyelinase and acid sphingomyelinase at concentrations applicable for cosmeceutical application. Findings from our study demonstrated that inhibitors and bioactives from lactobacilli and bifidobacteria have the potential to be developed into formulations for food and non-food applications

Control and Preventive Study of Brucellosis by Using

The aims of this research is to determine the ability of sub unit lipopolysacharide(LPS) vaccine of Brucella abortus strain S-19 in mice and goat, including IgM and sub classes IgG antibody humoral response, cellular mediated immune response (IL-2, IFN- γ) in mice, also IgG as humoral immunity, IL-4 and IL-12 as cellular immunity, comparison affectivity with Brucella abortus strain RB-51 vaccine in goat . This research has two steps methods. Step first, 30 Balb C mice were divided into 3 groups and vaccinated subcutaneously, First group injectedB. abortus S-19, second group injected LPS and third group injected sodium chloride solution. Booster vaccination was conducted every two weeks till the eight week after first vaccination. The second step performed vaccinated to 30 goats divided into three groups. First group was injected by subcutaneous LPS 50 µg/ml and second group injected LPS 100 µg/ml and the third group injected with sodium chloride as control. Booster vaccination conducted 2 weeks after first vaccination and second vaccination. Result of the research conferred. Result research, antibody response in mice showed vaccination by LPS of B. abortus S-19 showed higher titer than vaccination by whole cells but inverse cellular response. The both vaccines showed induce subclass antibody response, vaccination by LPS tendency to IgM response but vaccination by Whole cells active vaccine tendency to IgG1, IgG 2a and IgG2b. Response antibody in goat on two weeks after first vaccination, vaccination with LPS of B. abortus S-19, dose 50 µg/ml failed or zero titer IgG response but dose 100 µg/ml was 500response antibody on two weeks after second vaccination by dose 50 µg/ml was 340 but by dose 100 µg/ml was 960, while cellular IL-12 response two weeks after first vaccination by dose 50 µg/ml was 22.88 pg/ml but by 100 µg/ml was 62.15 pg/ml. Response cellular IL -12 two weeks after second vaccination 50 µg/ml was 12.04 pg/ml while by dose100 µg/ml was 130.88pg/ml    Cellular immune response IL-4 on two weeks after first vaccination, dose 50 µg/ml showed 55.57 pg/ml but by dose100 µg/ml was 49.35 pg/ ml. Response cellular IL-4 on two weeks after second vaccination by dose 50 µg/ml  was 22.17 pg/ml but by dose 100 µg/ml was 143.89 pg/ml Keyword: Vaccine sub-unit LPS of Brucella abortus S-19, Humoral antibody, Cellular antibod

Virgin Coconut Oil Increases the Productivity of Broiler Chicken Post Avian Influenza Vaccination

. Chicken productivity is not only determined by body weight increase and feed efficiency but also disease resistance. Avian influenza (AI) is still an endemic in Indonesia. Highly mutative characteristic of AI causes unsuccessful vaccination to preventing chicken mortality; therefore, feed modulation alternatives are sought to raise body weight and body immune as well. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) contains fatty acid potential as antimicrobe and antivirus; VCO intake is therefore expected to increase chicken body immune. This research aimed at feed modulation to increase broiler chicken productivity. Forty broiler chicken of one day old (DOC) were used and the research applied Completely Randomized Factorial Design in which factor one was two vaccine levels namely AI-vaccinated chickens and AI-unvaccinated chickens. Factor two used four levels of VCO: 0, 5, 10, 15 mL/kg feed. DOC chickens were divided into eight treatment groups and repeated in five experiment units. Feed and water were given ad libitum. The result demonstrated that in spite of heterophile increase in AI-vaccinated VCO-given chickens, heterophile/lymphocyte ratio and feed intake were not significantly different among all treatment groups. With the highest body weight found in AI-vaccinated chickens given 10ml/kg feed VCO, it could therefore be concluded that VCO intake of 10mL/kg feed could raise body weight

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase level in tuberculous meningitis and validation of sensitivity and specificity

Background: Tuberculous meningitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries especially in India. The mortality associated with tuberculous meningitis is very high if not detected early and meticulous treatment is not given. CSF analysis and imaging are the most commonly used tools for diagnosis of meningitis. But these are often inadequate in making a definitive diagnosis. CSF Adenosine Deaminase estimation (ADA) is useful in differentiation of tuberculous meningitis from non-tuberculous meningitis. Though few studies have proved efficacy of Adenosine Deaminase level for the diagnosis, studies to assess the sensitivity and specificity of ADA levels were limited. This study was conducted to assess its usefulness and to validate the sensitivity and specificity of ADA level in tuberculous meningitis (TBM).Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at Academy of Medical Sciences, Pariyaram for a period of 18 months from December 2013 to June 2015, Adenosine deaminase level was studied in the cerebrospinal fluid of 50 patients who got admitted with symptoms and signs of meningitis in the medical wards and intensive care units who fulfilled the inclusion criteria.Results: In this study 50 patients were diagnosed clinically and with CSF analysis as meningitis. The mean cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase activity was 23.08+17.5in Tuberculous meningitis 3.8 +1.92U/l in Bacterial meningitis and 4.8+2.3U/l in Viral meningitis. The adenosine deaminase activity in Tuberculous meningitis cases were significantly higher than non-tuberculous meningitis. The sensitivity and specificity of this test for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis was 90% and 100% respectively with ADA value of more than 10U/L.Conclusions: This study found out that estimation of CSF Adenosine level is a very useful test for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. The sensitivity and specificity attained in this study were comparable to other studies. This study also found out that ADA estimation is very useful in distinguishing tuberculous and viral meningitis

Identification of Immunotopes against Mycobacterium leprae as Immune Targets Using PhDTm- 12mer Phage Display Peptide Library

Purpose: To determine the surface epitopes of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and evaluate their efficacy in the production of anti-M. leprae antibodies in an animal model.Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 34 patients suffering from lepromatous leprosy. Antibodies were obtained from the samples, semi-purified and used to coat the wells of ELISA microplate, and M13 random-peptides library was added to the wells. After four rounds of panning, three clones were isolated and their peptide mimotopes were sequenced. Western blot was used to evaluate the interaction of the isolated mimotopes.Results: Three selective clones were tested by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot. anti-leprae antibodies in various dilutions and were found to be serological active. Sequencing of the isolated peptides showed identities between the two clones that were able to successfully induce anti-Leprae humoral response in mice.Conclusion: The findings indicate that the isolated peptides can potentially be used for early diagnosis. However, further research is required to improve their potency as new vaccines against leprosy.Keywords: Bacteriophage, Vaccine, Leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae, Random Peptide Phage Display Librar

The promoter region (G-800A and C-509T) polymorphisms of transforming growth factor-&#946;1 gene among young women with recurrent urinary tract infection

Background: Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is common among young women and one of its risk factors is genetic. Polymorphisms in promoter region (G-800A (rs1800468) and C-509T (rs1800469)) of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene play pivotal roles in several infection diseases but the association of these polymorphisms with recurrent UTI remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of TGF-β1 G-800A and C-509T polymorphisms with recurrent UTI in young women.Subjects and methods: TGF-β1 G-800A and C-509T polymorphisms among 34 recurrent UTI patients and 34 healthy subjects, aged 15–50 years old, were evaluated with polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and confirmed by DNA sequencing.Results: At position 800, genotypes showed no significant differences between recurrent UTI patients (GG 97.1%; GA 2.9%; AA 0%) and normal control (GG 97%; GA 0%; AA 2.9%) young women. Dominant and recessive model analyses did not find significant correlation between recurrent UTI patients and normal control young women. At position 509, allelic and genotypic frequencies showed no significant differences between recurrent UTI patients (CC 20.6%; CT 61.8%; TT 17.7%) and control individuals (CC 2.9%; CT 73.6%; TT 23.5%).Conclusion: This study found that there is no strong correlation between polymorphisms of TGF-β1 G-800A and C-509T and recurrent UTI.Keywords: SNP; Polymorphism; Urinary tract infection; Recurrent UTI; Transforming growth factor; TGF-β

Eosinophils and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Short Review

The eosinophil cell has been related as a prognostic indicator for cancers. However, its exact function in tumour behaviour is still not clearly defined. In the oral cavity the presence of eosinophils can be a favourable prognostic indicator as well as it may be associated with a poor prognosis. In this short review, we briefly summarize the role of the eosinophils in the general context of immunoregulation and its relation to oral squamous cell carcinoma

Effect of IL-22 on DNA vaccine encoding LACK gene of Leishmania major in BALB/c mice

In the present study, the effect of IL-22 together with the plasmid encoding LACK (Leishmania homolog of receptors for activated C-kinase) gene of Leishmania major on the trend of leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice was evaluated.Evaluation of the cellular and humoral immunity was performed by measurement of IL-4 and IFN-γ, culture of splenocytes and MTT assay, and measurement of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a in the control and immunized groups. Clinical evaluations were also carried out by measurement of the lesion size, survival rate, and body weight of mice.Comparison of the mean size of lesions in the LACK and LACK. +. IL-22 groups demonstrated that the mean size of lesions of the two groups was significantly different from week four (p<. 0.05).The survival rate at day 170 after challenge for the PBS, pcDNA3 (empty plasmid), pcLACK (pcDNA3 containing LACK gene), and pcLACK. +. IL-22 groups were 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, respectively.According to the results of IFN-γ, IL-4, total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a measurement and the MTT assay, IL-22 obviously caused an increase in IFN-γ production and a decrease in IL-4 production before and after the challenge (p<. 0.05). The results showed the effectiveness of IL-22 in DNA vaccine. It showed that IL-22 brought about Th1 cytokine responses and high survival rate of mice. © 2013 Elsevier Inc