8 research outputs found
Terminologia e interculturalitĂ . Problematiche e prospettive
La terminologia contribuisce al consolidamento di patrimoni linguistici e culturali mentre la sua diffusione intra- e interlinguistica favorisce la costruzione di dialoghi interdisciplinari, evolvendo in parallelo a nuovi bisogni e contesti. Queste dinamiche si innestano nelle problematiche della comunicazione interculturale, tanto nelle pratiche dellâespressione quanto in quelle della traduzione interlinguistica. In questo volume, studiose e studiosi, specialiste e specialisti di terminologia presentano le loro riflessioni su queste tematiche, indagando la dimensione culturale e interculturale della ricerca terminologica e delle sue pratiche, interrogando tutti i fenomeni relativi allâincontro fra culture in atto nella realizzazione discorsiva di ambito specialistico. Tali riflessioni considerano ogni dimensione della testualitĂ , fino agli spazi digitali, che offrono strumenti di analisi oltre i limiti della materialitĂ , offrendo cosĂŹ un panorama ampio nel dibattito in corso, un terreno fertile per la verifica teorica alle questioni di ricerca in ambito terminologico
Entre aspirations et contraintes: analyses du vécu de l'allaitement maternel chez les primipares au prisme des inégalités sociales
Cette thĂšse porte sur les inĂ©galitĂ©s dans le vĂ©cu de lâallaitement maternel. Elle vise Ă : 1)
Ă©tudier oĂč se situent les aspirations prĂ©natales dâallaitement des mĂšres et leurs rĂ©alitĂ©s
postnatales; 2) explorer la maniÚre dont les différences sociales peuvent façonner le vécu
de lâallaitement maternel ; 3) saisir leur articulation.
Dans le cadre de cette recherche, la collecte des donnĂ©es sâest dĂ©roulĂ©e en quatre volets :
un suivi longitudinal du prénatal au postnatal avec 20 femmes primipares; la tenue de
journaux de bord par les mÚres ; des entretiens semi-dirigés avec 21 professionnelles de
lâallaitement ; de lâobservation lors de cours prĂ©nataux et de soutien Ă lâallaitement.
Comme lâĂ©chantillon est composĂ© de mĂšres qui expĂ©rimentaient lâallaitement pour la
premiĂšre fois, les Ă©carts entre lâimaginaire et le rĂ©el ont entraĂźnĂ© des dĂ©sillusions pour la
totalité des participantes, et ce, à différents niveaux : 1) entre les aspirations initiales et les
recommandations de la santĂ© publique (allaitement exclusif jusquâĂ six mois et poursuite
jusquâĂ deux ans et plus) ; 2) entre les aspirations des mĂšres et les rĂ©alitĂ©s dâallaitement ;
3) entre la conception normĂ©e dâun allaitement dit « rĂ©ussi » selon les recommandations de
la santĂ© publique et cette mĂȘme conception telle que vĂ©cue par les femmes.
Ensemble, le vĂ©cu des mĂšres et lâexpĂ©rience des professionnelles permettent de montrer
quâen rĂ©alitĂ©, ce sont les interactions constituant la positionnalitĂ© des femmes qui
« contraignent » lâallaitement. Ils contraignent dans les deux sens du terme : pour le limiter
ou au contraire pour le rendre moralement obligatoire. Lâanalyse du discours des
participantes rend compte du fait que ces contraintes Ă lâallaitement sont inĂ©galement
distribuĂ©es et se basent principalement sur des rapports sociaux de sexe/genre, dâethnicitĂ©,
de classe, dâimmigration et de « race ».
Finalement, une tendance Ă©merge parmi les professionnelles de lâallaitement rencontrĂ©es,
la majoritĂ© estimant quâelles font varier leurs pratiques en fonction de la clientĂšle, que cette
diffĂ©renciation est nĂ©cessaire et que dây arriver est un motif de fiertĂ©. Si les catĂ©gorisations
ont tendance Ă exagĂ©rer lâhomogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des groupes et Ă produire des stĂ©rĂ©otypes, elles ont
Ă©galement des effets concrets sur les services.
Cette thĂšse permet de mieux comprendre lâambivalence au cĆur de lâexpĂ©rience de
lâallaitement ainsi que les rapports complexes quâont les mĂšres avec les recommandations
de la santĂ© publique, la promotion de lâallaitement et les professionnelles de lâallaitement.This thesis examines diversity and inequalities in breastfeeding experiences. It seeks to: 1)
understand how mothersâ initial breastfeeding aspirations compare with their post-birth
realities; 2) explore how inequalities related to gender, âraceâ, class, and immigrant status
influence breastfeeding experiences from the perspective of both mothers and
breastfeeding professionals; and 3) capture how mothers articulate and make sense of their
diverse experiences .
In this study, four data collection techniques were used: longitudinal semi-structured
interviews with 20 first-time mothers conducted when they were pregnant and then
approximately six months after the birth of their child; documentary analysis of maternal
diaries; semi-structured interviews of 21 breastfeeding professionals; and observation
during prenatal classes and breastfeeding support sessions.
As the sample is composed of women attempting breastfeeding for the first time, many
women felt disillusioned by three types of discrepancies they felt between what they
imagined breastfeeding would be and the reality of their experiences: 1) between the initial
aspirations and recommendations of public health and medical literature; 2) between their
own expectations and their lived realities of breastfeeding; and 3) between the standardized
conceptions of successful breastfeeding experiences according to public health
recommendations and the concept of success as experienced by the women. Further, the
data from both mothers and breastfeeding professionals demonstrate that constraints on
breastfeeding are unevenly distributed and founded mainly on social relations such as sex,
gender, ethnicity, class, immigration, and race.
This study also discovered a tendency among breastfeeding professionals to pride
themselves on their ability to differentiate between their clientele on the basis of these
categories. While sometimes appropriate, these classifications tend to exaggerate the
homogeneity of subgroups, relying on and reproducing stereotypes. An important
implication of this is that such practices lead to substantial differences in the services
rendered by these professionals.
Overall, this thesis provides a better understanding of the ambivalence at the center of the
breastfeeding experience and the complex relationships mothers undertake with public
health recommendations, the promotion or encouragement of the act of breastfeeding and
breastfeeding professionals
Douanes et gouvernement de la sécurité : étudier le policing et le champ de la sécurité par ses marges
Traditionnellement, les Etats contemporains s'appuient sur la police et l'armĂ©e qui constituent des secteurs et des instruments d'action publique bien identifiĂ©s pour assurer leur sĂ©curitĂ© Ă la fois dans ses dimensions intĂ©rieures et extĂ©rieures. NĂ©anmoins, en focalisant leur attention sur les secteurs militaire et policier, les recherches ont trĂšs souvent omis de prendre en considĂ©ration d'autres dimensions organisationnelles et dâautres secteurs d'action publique qui ont pourtant jouĂ© un rĂŽle, sans doute moins directement identifiable, mais nĂ©anmoins fondamental en la matiĂšre. Le secteur douanier relĂšve de cette catĂ©gorie. Souvent apprĂ©hendĂ© et rĂ©duit Ă sa fonction de protection Ă©conomique, le secteur douanier a Ă©tĂ© pourtant largement mobilisĂ© dans le gouvernement de la sĂ©curitĂ©. A partir d'une analyse principalement socio-gĂ©nĂ©tique et comparative (en articulant Ă©chelles nationale, europĂ©enne et globale), on se propose d'approfondir cette problĂ©matique en montrant comment le secteur douanier a Ă©tĂ© instrumentĂ© dans la redĂ©finition des modes de gouvernement de la sĂ©curitĂ© par les Etats et les ensembles politiques et Ă©conomiques rĂ©gionaux au cours de ces trente derniĂšres annĂ©es. Cette approche cherche ainsi Ă contribuer Ă une meilleure comprĂ©hension des assemblages de sĂ©curitĂ© et Ă celle de la construction du champ de la sĂ©curitĂ©. En mettant lâaccent sur la transformation des rationalitĂ©s et des rĂ©fĂ©rentiels de contrĂŽle des flux transnationaux, et sur les hybridations entre secteurs douaniers et policiers, on montrera comment les douanes ont Ă©tĂ© et se sont « policiarisĂ©es » sans nĂ©anmoins abandonner leur autonomie organisationnelle et sectorielle.Traditionally, contemporary states rely on the police and the military, which are wellidentified sectors and policy instruments to ensure their security in both internal and external dimensions. However, by focusing their attention on the military and police sectors, political science researchers have very often failed to consider other organizational dimensions and other policy areas that have played a role, perhaps less directly identifiable, but nevertheless fundamental in this area. The customs are part from this category. Often apprehended and reduced to its function of economic protection, the customs sector was nevertheless widely mobilized in the government of security. Based on a predominantly socio-genetic and comparative analysis (articulating national, European and global scales), our work wants to explore this issue further by showing how the customs sector has been an instrument in redefining the governance of security implemented by States and regional political and economic groups over the last thirty years. Our approach seeks to contribute to a better understanding of security assemblages and the construction of the field of security. By focusing on the transformation of customs rationalities and reference standards for controlling transnational flows and on the hybridization between customs and police sectors, we will show how customs have been "policiarized" without nevertheless giving up their organizational and sectoral autonomy
Altérités dans l'expatriation lointaine : dialogisme des imaginaires collectifs et des discours individuels
In a postcolonial context, this research looks into the itineraries of French expatriates, from a former colonial empire, in Malaysia, a former British colony. The autobiographical discourses of the French expatriates, blogs, research writings and research interviews, are analyzed in terms of the articulation between individual experiences and collective representations, interrogating how experiencing alterity, as well as writing or speaking about it, participates in the construction of identities. The discourse analysis is dialogical and takes in consideration a larger field of discourses: the centuriesâlong orientalist discourse as theorized by Bill Ashcroft, Tzvetan Todorov or Edward Said. Critical discourse analysis defines this research from a methodological standpoint as well as in its aims: it focuses upon a social problem (as well as individual and personal) which has a semiotic aspect, to produce knowledge which can lead to emancipatory change. With this aim, the analysis focuses upon the contexts (postcolonialism, orientalism and modern mobilities) and the dialogisms, as well as the corpus discourses. The critical and interdiscursive analysis aims to question the order of discourse, its hegemony and prescriptive value. The knowledge hence produced can lead to emancipatory change in the postcolonial discourse on alterity and identities.Cette recherche Ă©tudie les parcours dâexpatriĂ©s français dans le cadre postcolonial de mobilitĂ©s françaises, un ancien empire colonial en Asie du SudâEst, en Malaisie, une ancienne colonie britannique. La parole et en particulier la parole autobiographique sur lâexpĂ©rience de la mobilitĂ© lointaine et de lâaltĂ©ritĂ© y est analysĂ©e avec une focalisation sur lâarticulation entre discours individuels et collectifs, et le rĂŽle de lâexpĂ©rience de lâaltĂ©ritĂ© dans la construction des identitĂ©s. Lâanalyse de la parole dâexpatriĂ©s français, plurilitteraciĂ©e et collectĂ©e sous forme de rĂ©cits Ă©crits, dâentretiens de recherche et de blogs, fait lâobjet dâune analyse interdiscursive. Le champ discursif concernĂ© est dĂ©limitĂ© et caractĂ©risĂ© grĂące aux analyses existantes sur le discours plurisĂ©culaire de lâOccident sur lâOrient, telles que celles proposĂ©es par des auteurs comme Bill Ashcroft, Tzvetan Todorov ou Edward Said. Du point de vue mĂ©thodologique, lâapproche proposĂ©e par lâanalyse discursive critique a inspirĂ© la dĂ©marche et les objectifs de cette recherche : il sâagit dâidentifier une problĂ©matique sociale (et aussi individuelle, ou intime) dâordre sĂ©miotique sur laquelle la connaissance produite aura valeur Ă©mancipatoire. Afin de rĂ©pondre Ă cette injonction critique, lâanalyse porte sur le contexte de production des discours (le territoire colonisĂ© ou postcolonisĂ©, le voyage lointain dâouest en est, le discours francophone lettrĂ©), les relations dialogiques de ce discours, le discours luiâmĂȘme linguistiquement et structuralement. Lâanalyse critique interdiscursive permet dâen mettre en question le pouvoir normatif et la potentielle valeur prescriptive. Cette connaissance produite pourra avoir la valeur Ă©mancipatoire de considĂ©rer la possibilitĂ© de lâĂ©mergence dâun discours progressiste sur lâexpĂ©rience de lâaltĂ©ritĂ© dans la construction des identitĂ©s
La racialisation en urgence : représentations et pratiques des professionnels hospitaliers à l'égard des patients présumés roms (2009-2012)
This doctoral research analyses the representations and practices of Ile-de-Franceâs hospitalprofessionals towards patients they identify as Roma. Based on an ethnography of administrativeencounters, it examines the moral boundaries of the racial categorisation process implemented duringpatient-provider relationships beginning with patient admission. The analysis reveals the superpositionof professional boundaries upon moral and racial boundaries drawn by healthcare professionals, andthe different professional uses they make of the racialisation process. The observation of daily uses ofracialisation during patient-provider relationships, interactions at the health service level and at theinstitutional level not only proves the link between agentsâ racial representations and racialdiscrimination towards users, but also demonstrates how this pattern is reinforced by the objective ofprofitability imposed on healthcare institutions by new public management reforms.Cette recherche doctorale est consacrĂ©e Ă lâanalyse des reprĂ©sentations et des pratiques mises en oeuvrepar les professionnels hospitaliers dâĂ©tablissements franciliens Ă lâĂ©gard de patients quâils identifientcomme roms. Sâappuyant sur une ethnographie de la relation de guichet, elle propose une Ă©tude desfrontiĂšres morales qui fondent le processus de catĂ©gorisation raciale mis en oeuvre lors de la prise encharge de ces patients. Cette analyse rĂ©vĂšle la superposition de frontiĂšres professionnelles auxfrontiĂšres raciales et morales tracĂ©es par les enquĂȘtĂ©s, exposant ainsi diffĂ©rents usages professionnelsdu processus de racialisation des usagers. Lâobservation des usages quotidiens de la racialisation lorsde la relation de soin, de la prise en charge par les services et de lâaccueil dans les Ă©tablissements desantĂ© dĂ©montre, non seulement lâexistence dâune corrĂ©lation entre reprĂ©sentations racialisantes ettraitements diffĂ©rentiels des usagers, mais Ă©galement le renforcement de cette tendance parlâimposition, via des rĂ©formes hospitaliĂšres inspirĂ©es du nouveau management public, dâobjectifs derentabilitĂ© financiĂšre aux institutions de santĂ©
LâinfirmiĂšre, la pratique de soin et la nĂ©gociation : ethnographie des suivis postnatals Ă domicile en milieu multiethnique Ă MontrĂ©al
Cette theÌse porte sur les interactions entre infirmieÌres et usageÌres lors des suivis postnatals aÌ domicile. AÌ partir dâune enqueÌte ethnographique reÌaliseÌe sur le territoire de Bordeaux- Cartierville-Saint-Laurent aÌ MontreÌal, je montre la façon dont les infirmieÌres « neÌgocient » leur pratique de soin. Ces « neÌgociations » permettent lâaccomplissement du mandat infirmier quelque soient les manifestations de la diffeÌrence, aÌ lâintersection de la rencontre entre la culture professionnelle infirmieÌre et la culture profane de lâusageÌre. AÌ partir dâune litteÌrature de la sociologie des professions et de la sociologie de la santeÌ et dâun cadre theÌorique construit autour du concept de neÌgociation, cette eÌtude montre que câest principalement en modulant leur rapport aux normes de la santeÌ publique que les infirmieÌres parviennent aÌ neÌgocier leur pratique et ainsi aÌ reÌpondre aux besoins des populations quâelles rencontrent. Cinq formes de neÌgociation se deÌgagent : la neÌgociation par coopeÌration, par compromis, par deÌtachement, par adaptation typifieÌe et par coercition. Faire le reÌcit de ces diffeÌrentes formes de neÌgociation permet dâexpliquer comment les infirmieÌres concreÌtisent leur mandat infirmier alors quâelles sont en interaction avec des usageÌres qui ne partagent pas les valeurs de preÌvention et de promotion des « saines habitudes de vie » proposeÌes par la santeÌ publique du QueÌbec.This thesis is an analysis of the interactions between nurses and service users in the context of
post-natal home monitoring. Based on an ethnographic study I conducted in Montreal
(Bordeaux-Cartierville-Saint-Laurent), I have defined how nurses negotiate care practice with
their service users. These âânegotiationsââ permit them to fulfill their mandate even with the
manifestation of difference that can arise between the nurseâs professional and the service
usersâ profane culture. The theoretical framework that I have built around the concept of
negotiation is also supported by sociological literature on profession and health. In order to
cater to the service usersâ needs, the nurses inherently modulate their relationship to the public
health norms. Five types of negotiation have resulted form this study: Cooperation,
Compromise, Detachment, Typified Adaptation and Coercion. This narrative of these different
forms of negotiation tells us how nurses manage to fulfil their mandate with the service users
who do not subscribe to the Quebec public health prevention and promotion of healthy living
values
Une histoire de la chimie atmosphérique globale: Enjeux disciplinaires et d'expertise de la Couche d'ozone et du Changement climatique
Until now, the history of environmental sciences has not extensively documented the input of atmospheric chemists, who formalize the chemical reactions that take place in the atmosphere. This PhD dissertation focuses on chemistry of the global atmosphere. Atmospheric chemistry has been in the heart of the expertise on the anthropogenic destruction of the ozone layer from 1970 on. Since the end of the 1980s, atmospheric chemists have also taken part in the writing of the IPCC reports. They have also contributed to the more holistic works on the âEarth systemâ. Combining different approaches for studying sciences and techniques, this PhD dissertation writes a "social" history of the academic field on chemistry of the global atmosphere since the 1920s. Our narrative is mainly focused on the evolution of the scientific practices of chemistry of the global atmosphere, on social and disciplinary changes, and on the new types of expertise that have emerged within the field. The author mainly concentrates on three "moments": the first two decades of the Coldwar; the âenvironmental(ist) turnâ of atmospheric sciences in the 1970s and 80s; the climate change governance.Lâhistoire des sciences de lâenvironnement a, jusquâĂ prĂ©sent, peu documentĂ© lâapport des chimistes de lâatmosphĂšre, qui formalisent les rĂ©actions chimiques se produisant au sein de lâatmosphĂšre. Cette thĂšse porte spĂ©cifiquement sur la chimie atmosphĂ©rique globale. La chimie de lâatmosphĂšre a Ă©tĂ© au centre de lâexpertise sur la destruction anthropique de la couche dâozone Ă partir de 1970. Les chimistes de lâatmosphĂšre ont Ă©galement participĂ© Ă lâĂ©laboration des rapports du GIEC (Groupe dâexperts intergouvernemental sur l'Ă©volution du climat) Ă partir de la fin des annĂ©es 1980, ainsi quâĂ des travaux au sein de la science dite « du systĂšme Terre ». En combinant diffĂ©rentes approches de lâĂ©tude des sciences et des techniques, ce mĂ©moire de thĂšse fait une histoire "sociale" du champ dâĂ©tude sur la chimie atmosphĂ©rique globale depuis les annĂ©es 1920. Le cĆur du rĂ©cit porte sur lâĂ©volution des pratiques scientifiques de la chimie atmosphĂ©rique globale, les reconfigurations disciplinaires et sociales, et lâapparition de nouvelles formes dâexpertise et de figures dâexpert propres Ă ce champ dâĂ©tude. Lâauteur examine dans le dĂ©tail trois "moments": les deux premiĂšres dĂ©cennies de la Guerre froide ; le "tournant environnemental(iste)" des sciences de lâatmosphĂšre dans les annĂ©es 1970- 80 ; la gouvernance du changement climatique
Comprendre la société-Monde par ses enjeux et ses acteurs:l'implication de l'entreprise Lafarge dans la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA
The aim of this thesis is to understand the World as a full-fledged object, namely as the space of a society. This objective is at the same time necessary and problematic. It is necessary because the sudden end of the Cold War entailed the need of new conceptual frameworks to understand the World without the confrontation of two ideological blocs. In parallel, the acceleration of globalization based on transnational and reticular processes profoundly questioned the apportionment of the World in territories and the classical distinction between the national and international spheres. This phenomenon also brought about the emergence of social issues (such as AIDS and climate change) and of non-state actors (such as globalized companies and Non-Governmental Organizations) which cannot be understood without taking into account their global dimension. Faced with these profound changes, it is important to be able to apprehend the World in its global dimension, going beyond its economic aspects. The so-called Global society model, which considers the existence of a global society as a possible option, allows this. However, the methodological nationalism â on which social sciences were based and according to which each society is necessarily linked with a territory, a State and a nation â makes it difficult to use this model to understand the World. Social sciences concepts, theories and methods were developed to conceive the World as a sum of objects (i.e. states, civilizations) and not as a full-fledged object. To go beyond this limit, the approach of this thesis is to apprehend the World through its issues and actors. In particular, I tried to understand if, and how, the involvement of the Lafarge company in the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic between 2002 and 2005 contributed to the development of a global society. Through the results of participant observation and an analysis of non-directive interviews with managers from Lafarge who were involved in the development of the company's AIDS program, I identified three main contributions to the emergence of a global society. First, the company contributed to the social construction of the AIDS epidemic as a global issue : in particular, the global approach the company adopted to deal with the AIDS epidemic was notably different from its traditional modus operandi in the field of social responsibility based on a local and decentralized approach. In addition, through its decision to provide its employees, their families and sometimes local communities with antiretroviral treatments in certain circumstances, the company participated in global controversies on cost-effectiveness of triple therapy, use of generic drugs and health as a global public good. Second, Lafarge's AIDS program contributed to reinforce the global dimension of the group, mainly by providing the power of the corporate with legitimacy, but also by contributing to the development of a global identity and by promoting interactions among subsidiaries. Third, the company contributed to building a global political arena, in particular through its interactions with a series of other global actors belonging to the same responsibility community. These interactions created legitimacy, transparency, institutions and norms at the global level, contributing to the emergence of a transnational deliberative arena. This thesis thus shows that it is possible to view the world as a full-fledged object and to overcome methodological nationalism by studying transnational objects, such as a globalized company and a global issue. It shows that Lafarge's involvement in the fight against AIDS contributes to the emergence of a global societal reference with a strong political dimension