The Oral Microbiota Changes in Orthodontic Patients and Effects on Oral Health: An Overview

Nowadays, there is a considerable interest to study the biological and microbiological changes that accompany orthodontic treatment. Growing knowledge on oral microbiota allows, day after day, to identify and characterize the microbial arrangements specifically associated with oral and extra-oral conditions. The aim of the present work is to highlight any further correlations between orthodontic appliances and the qualitative and quantitative modifications of the oral microbiota, such as predisposing factors for the onset of caries, periodontal diseases, and other infections, which can impact the oral and systemic health of the orthodontic patients. When compared with subjects without orthodontic appliances, orthodontic patients reported significant qualitative and quantitative differences in supra- and subgingival plaque during the entire treatment period. Certain components of fixed appliances (mainly bonded molar brackets, ceramic brackets, and elastomeric ligatures) showed high risks of periodontal disease and tooth decay for patients. An unclear prevalence of Candida spp. and the paucity of studies on viruses and protozoas in the oral microbiota of orthodontic patients need to be further investigated. The evidence emerging from this study could guide clinicians in modulating the timing of controls and enhance patient motivation to prevent the formation of mature plaque, thus reducing the risks of oral-plaque-related diseases

Oral colonization by Candida species in orthodontic patients before, during and after treatment with fixed appliances : a prospective controlled trial

Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is associated with changes in oral microbiota, including increased Candida colonization. The Candida fungus can cause oral lesions and infections such as candidiasis and angular cheilitis, and is harmful to both the patient and the orthodontist. Poor hygiene facilitates the colonization of these microorganisms. The key aim was to quantify the colonization of C. albicans in patients prior to beginning orthodontic treatment, and during the treatment process. A total of 124 patients (43 males and 80 females) with a mean age of 19.5 years, who required treatment with metal or aesthetic (ceramic) braces, were studied. Microbiological samples were taken from the oral cavity using the swab technique throughout the treatment and cultured on a Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plate and, if positive, cultured on a CHROMagar® Candida plate. In contrast to other published studies, no statistically significant increase in C. albicans colonization was observed during the orthodontic treatment. The fixed appliances had no influence on the presence, absence or level of colonization by C. albicans and there were no significant differences between the different appliances studied. Our study showed that frequency of oral hygiene measures by study participants did not affect the rate of oral carriage of Candida in a statistically significant manner. This observation contrasted with published literature, which suggests that thorough brushing is important to prevent the build-up of Candida species

BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANDIDA ISOLATES FROM ORAL CAVITY AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES

Background and aims: Fixed Orthodontic Appliances (FOA) act as diverse impact zones and modify microbial adherence and colonization, acting as unfamiliar reserves and potential sources of infection  This study was conducted to inspect the effect of the introduction of fixed orthodontic appliances on the growth and adherence (biofilm formation) of Candida species. And also to reveal the species distribution and antifungal sensitivity to isolated Candida species.  Material and methods: The trial group was chosen   from orthodontic patients whom were inspected clinically as soon as to get baseline information prior to active treatment. The group included 210 patients; 165 females, and 45 males, (mean age 21.6 ± 4.5 years). Clinical, demographic, and risk factor data were collected in a standard questionnaire and then each individual was directed to perform an oral rinse with phosphate-buffered saline, which was expectorated and processed proposed for the isolation and identification of Candida species by standard methods. After that, the isolated Candida species were tested for biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of oral Candida species was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Results: The most common yeast colonized oral cavity after the introduction of FOA was C. albicans (72.5%), followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis  (12.5%), while Candida parapsilosis  only was 2.5%. The rate of formation of biofilms was 52.5% for all types of Candida, and it was found that biofilm formation occurs more frequently among C. tropicals  and C. glabrata (60%) than C. albicans (48.3%). All Candida species isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B and ketoconazole while resistance to fluconazole was found in 40% of C. tropicalis and 20% in C. glabrata  and 13.8% in C. albicans.  Conclusion: The present study proved that C. albicans is still the major isolate from the oral cavity after the introduction of FOA, but non-albicans species colonization is raised and FOA might be a factor for biofilm formation. The C. tropicalis and C. glabrata were more– biofilm-producers compared to C. albicans. The isolated species in the current study are less susceptible to fluconazole and drug resistant factor in the Candida species isolates was found to be associated with  biofilm formation.                       Peer Review History: Received 24 July 2020; Revised 13 August; Accepted 4 September, Available online 15 September 2020 Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Wadhah Hassan Edrees, Hajjah University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia, [email protected] Similar Articles: ORAL CANDIDA ALBICANS COLONIZATION RATE IN FIXED ORTHODONTICS PATIENTS ORAL C. ALBICANS COLONIZATION AND NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA COLONIZATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, YEMEN PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF ORAL NON-CANDIDA ALBICANS CANDIDA CARRIAGE IN DENTURE WEARERS IN SANA'A CITY- YEME

The Relationship between Orthodontic Treatment and Dental Caries

Orthodontic treatment is the main treatment procedure to achieve a well-aligned dental arch and an esthetic smile. For this purpose, various types of removable or fixed orthodontic appliances are designed. However, each has their specific disadvantages. The most important one is that orthodontic appliances especially the brackets and the ligation mode create new retention areas in addition to blocking plaque-removing shear forces arising from fluid flow and masticatory loads with a resultant undesired effect of accumulation of dental plaque. Increased amount of dental plaque containing cariogenic bacteria is the main etiologic factor in decalcification of enamel during orthodontic treatment. This demineralization of the tooth surfaces results in appearance of white spots or even caries. However, in the literature, there are conflicting results in the relationship between orthodontic treatment and development of dental caries. Many preventive methods such as topical fluoride application, using bonding materials releasing fluoride, using mouth rinse with sodium fluoride, applying chlorhexidine, and so on were defined. The general comment of the authors is that supplying an adequate oral hygiene has the main role in prevention of demineralization-caries during orthodontic treatment. In the light of the previous studies’ results, it can be concluded that professional application like a varnish can be provided for patients who have high caries incidence

Current Techniques and Materials in Dentistry

With advances in dental materials and their clinical applications, as well as innovations in computer technology, dental treatment is constantly evolving. In particular, adhesion technology to the tooth surface, implant treatments, and the application of CAD/CAM technology are very interesting topics for clinical dentists. As a bonding technique, the influence of the pre-etched area of the tooth surface on the adhesive strength can be reduced by the new application of a functional monomer. Additionally, the effect of an advanced adhesive system as a universal adhesive-derived primer, when compared with the two-step adhesive, is helpful for updating the applications of new materials. Dental implants are one of the most interesting dental treatments. PEEK (polyetheretherketone) has recently been reported as a further innovation in polymer implant materials, although it has not yet met the requirements to be a biomechanical requirement. In the placement of mini-screws used in orthodontic treatments, micro-cracks caused by overtorquing in thick and hard bone, and the consequent heat production, can reduce the success rate. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques are becoming increasingly popular. Since complete dentures can be produced using an additive (3D printing) or subtractive (milling) process, CAD/CAM techniques for denture fabrication have many clinical and laboratory advantages. Innovative and convenient dental material technology will be more and more expected in the future. This book has limited findings, but we hope that your clinical capability will be integrated and upgraded

Health of first permanent molars in 12 - yeras old school children in Prilep community

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Fissure sealing in the children is a method of decreasing the caries incidence of population, because occlusal fissure is much vulnerable site of the tooth. Government of FYR Macedonia before 8 years are accepting Dental preventive program: Fissure sealing of first permanent molars in 6-year-old school children. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the success of that caries preventive program. Materials and methods: For improving that aim, in September and October 2015, we obtaining 345 school children of Prilep community, born 2003 y., 177 males, and 168 females. First permanent molars in all the examined children were occlusally sealed before 6 years (2009) with GC Fuji Triage. Results and discussion: From 01 January 2008, started implementation of the National strategy for prevention of oral diseases in the children in FYR Macedonia: Fissure sealing of first permanent molars in 6-year-old school children. On 12-year-old school children - 2015 y, DMF index especially for first permanent molars was 34,4%: decayed - 13,5%, missing - 2%, and filled - 18,9%. Males: DMF index specially for first permanent molars was 32,1%: decayed - 13%, missing 2% and filled 17,1%. In females DMF index specially for first permanent molars was 36,9%; decayed - 14,1%, missing - 2,1%; and filled - 20,7%. Conclusion: Insufficient oral hygiene, inappropriate diet, lack of fluoride, need to urgent implementation of other included component of National Oral Strateg

Efficacy of a Copper-Calcium-Hydroxide Solution in Reducing Microbial Plaque on Orthodontic Clear Aligners: A Case Report

The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of a copper-calcium-hydroxide-based compound to remove microbial plaque naturally produced onto orthodontic clear aligners. A commercially available dental paste, named Cupral, based on copper-calcium-hydroxide, was used. A healthy volunteer (female, 32 years old), undergoing orthodontic treatment with thermoplastic clear aligners was enrolled. By conventional/confocal microscopy and colony-forming unit (CFU) assay, 2-week used aligners were examined for microbial plaque, prior and following exposure to Cupral. Confocal microscopy revealed abundant plaque irregularly distributed onto the aligner surface. Following Cupral treatment, a drastic decrease occurred in plaque thickness and matrix presence. As assessed by the CFU assay, total microbial load approached 10 9 CFUs/aligner, with slight differences in aerobiosis and anaerobiosis culture conditions; six macroscopically different types of colonies were detected and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Following Cupral treatment, microbial load dropped to undetectable levels, irrespectively of the conditions considered. Exposure of clear aligners to Cupral results in the elimination of contaminating microorganisms; the antimicrobial activity is retained up to 1.25% concentration. Overall, our data describe a novel use of Cupral, a copper-calcium-hydroxide-based compound, in daily hygiene practices with promising results

Dental and oral health at respondents of 12 years from Stip and environment

The purpose of the labor is determinate the factors thatb lead to the prevalence of caries and oral hygiene index OHI, the buffering capacity of saliva (ph) and caries prevalence. Were included respondents aged 12 years, students from elementary schools in the city of Stip (311) and their peers in rural areas near Stip.(104) For all students are made following research Determination of the frequency of dental caries; Determination the average caries index (KIP); Determination the general caries frewuency (KIO); Registration of the index of oral hygiene; Determination of buffering capacity of saliva using DENTOBUF- test ( vivadent, Schaan, Lihtenstein ) Assesment of the buffering capacity of saliva we get this results- 0 = Ph > 6 normal ( good buffer capacity of saliva ) blue color, 1 PH = 4.5-5.5- Trim ( midly acidic buffer capacity of saliva ) green color2= pH < 4.0 low ( acidic buffer capacity of saliva ) yellow color. The results indicate that at the respondents from Stip Kepwas 6.32 and for the environment 7, 22. Statistical difference on values for OHI index between the two groups of respondents indicating high statistical significance (p< 0.01). Statistical differences on pH values of saliva between the two groups of respondents indicating high statistical significance (p<0.01). The conclusion is that the data resived from this study will help in getting a realistic picture of dental health and risk factors of a particular territory andit is possible toa really help in implementation of appropriate measures. Key words: buffering capacity, caries prevalence