ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023

This open access book offers an essential overview of brain, head and neck, and spine imaging. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by both clinical and technological developments. Written by leading international experts and teachers, the chapters are disease-oriented and cover all relevant imaging modalities, with a focus on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. The book also includes a synopsis of pediatric imaging. IDKD books are rewritten (not merely updated) every four years, which means they offer a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in imaging. The book is clearly structured and features learning objectives, abstracts, subheadings, tables and take-home points, supported by design elements to help readers navigate the text. It will particularly appeal to general radiologists, radiology residents, and interventional radiologists who want to update their diagnostic expertise, as well as clinicians from other specialties who are interested in imaging for their patient care

Evaluation of PD-L1 expression in various formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumour tissue samples using SP263, SP142 and QR1 antibody clones

Background & objectives: Cancer cells can avoid immune destruction through the inhibitory ligand PD-L1. PD-1 is a surface cell receptor, part of the immunoglobulin family. Its ligand PD-L1 is expressed by tumour cells and stromal tumour infltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Methods: Forty-four cancer cases were included in this study (24 triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), 10 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 10 malignant melanoma cases). Three clones of monoclonal primary antibodies were compared: QR1 (Quartett), SP 142 and SP263 (Ventana). For visualization, ultraView Universal DAB Detection Kit from Ventana was used on an automated platform for immunohistochemical staining Ventana BenchMark GX. Results: Comparing the sensitivity of two different clones on same tissue samples from TNBC, we found that the QR1 clone gave higher percentage of positive cells than clone SP142, but there was no statistically significant difference. Comparing the sensitivity of two different clones on same tissue samples from malignant melanoma, the SP263 clone gave higher percentage of positive cells than the QR1 clone, but again the difference was not statistically significant. Comparing the sensitivity of two different clones on same tissue samples from NSCLC, we found higher percentage of positive cells using the QR1 clone in comparison with the SP142 clone, but once again, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The three different antibody clones from two manufacturers Ventana and Quartett, gave comparable results with no statistically significant difference in staining intensity/ percentage of positive tumour and/or immune cells. Therefore, different PD-L1 clones from different manufacturers can potentially be used to evaluate the PD- L1 status in different tumour tissues. Due to the serious implications of the PD-L1 analysis in further treatment decisions for cancer patients, every antibody clone, staining protocol and evaluation process should be carefully and meticulously validated

Volume 17, issue 6

The mission of CJS is to contribute to the effective continuing medical education of Canadian surgical specialists, using innovative techniques when feasible, and to provide surgeons with an effective vehicle for the dissemination of observations in the areas of clinical and basic science research. Visit the journal website at http://canjsurg.ca/ for more.https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cjs/1129/thumbnail.jp

Phosphate ester flame retardants

"September 2012.A Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants, Draft for Public Comment was released in September 2009. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile.Chemical managers/authors: G. Daniel Todd, Dennis Jones, Jaclynn Lippe, Jewell Crawford, John Doyle, ATSDR, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences (proposed), Atlanta, GA; Fernando T. Llados, Steve Houghton, Laura McIlroy, SRC, Inc., North Syracuse, NY.Available via World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (15.36 MB, 431 p.).Includes bibliographical references (p. 301-325).201

Clinical Management and Evolving Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Patients with Brain Tumors

A dramatic increase in knowledge regarding the molecular biology of brain tumors has been established over the past few years, and this has lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for these patients. In this book a review of the options available for the clinical management of patients with these tumors are outlined. In addition advances in radiology both for pre-operative diagnostic purposes along with surgical planning are described. Furthermore a review of newer developments in chemotherapy along with the evolving field of photodynamic therapy both for intra-operative management and subsequent therapy is provided. A discussion of certain surgical management issues along with tumor induced epilepsy is included. Finally a discussion of the management of certain unique problems including brain metastases, brainstem glioma, central nervous system lymphoma along with issues involving patients with a brain tumor and pregnancy is provided

Developing novel quantitative imaging analysis schemes based machine learning for cancer research

The computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme is a developing technology in the medical imaging field, and it attracted extensive research interest in recent years. In this dissertation, I investigated the feasibility of developing several new novel CAD schemes for different cancer research purposes. First, I investigated the feasibility of identifying a new quantitative imaging marker based on false-positives generated by a computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme to predict short-term breast cancer risk. For this study, an existing CAD scheme was applied “as is” to process each image. From CAD-generated results, some detection features were computed from each image. Two logistic regression models were then trained and tested using a leave-one-case-out cross-validation method to predict each testing case's likelihood of being positive in the next subsequent screening. This study demonstrated that CAD-generated false-positives contain valuable information to predict short-term breast cancer risk. Second, I identified and applied quantitative imaging features computed from ultrasound images of athymic nude mice to predict tumor response to treatment at an early stage. For this study, a CAD scheme was developed to perform tumor segmentation and image feature analysis. The study demonstrated the feasibility of extracting quantitative image features from the ultrasound images taken at an early treatment stage to predict tumor response to therapies. Last, I optimized a machine learning model for predicting peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. For this purpose, I have developed a CAD scheme to segment the tumor volume and extract quantitative image features automatically. Then, I reduced the dimensionality of features with a new method named random projection to optimize the model's performance. Finally, the gradient boosting machine model was applied along with a synthetic minority oversampling technique to predict peritoneal metastasis risk. Results suggested that the random projection method yielded promising results in improving the accuracy performance in peritoneal metastasis prediction. In summary, in my Ph.D. studies, I have investigated and tested several innovative approaches to develop different CAD schemes and identify quantitative imaging markers with high discriminatory power in various cancer research applications. Study results demonstrated the feasibility of applying CAD technology to several new application fields, which can help radiologists and gynecologists improve accuracy and consistency in disease diagnosis and prognosis assessment of using the medical image

Studies on the pharmacogenetic aspects of bronchogenic carcinoma

Bronchial carcinoma is not an inevitable consequence of smoking cigarettes. This thesis seeks to determine whether any one or more of the well established oxidative polymorphisms might directly control the biological response to cigarette smoking and/or environmental agents. 1. In the first part of the study, two groups (I and II) of European Caucasian patients were investigated with debrisoquine. Patients with lung cancer (n=245) and controls with airflow limitation (n=234) were similar in age (66.5 ± 7.4 (mean ± SD) and 67.2 ± 3.2 respectively), sex ratio ((M/F) 1.82, 1.89) and smoking history (60.3 ± 24.0 (mean ± SD), 59.4 + 21.1 pack year). Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation showed major differences between lung cancer and control series. The metabolic ratios (MR) for smoking controls included 21 recessives and were distributed across the full range of values. On the other hand, the metabolic ratios for cancer patients contained only 4 recessives and were aggregated towards the left end of the spectrum of metabolic ratios. The relative risk for lung cancer for the extensive metabolisers of debrisoquine (MR0.10). 3. A third study was undertaken to investigate the hepatic oxidation rates in lung cancer patients (n=30) and controls (n=29) as measured by antipyrine metabolism and to investigate the ability to metabolise both debrisoquine and antipyrine in both groups. The antipyrine clearance was almost identical in the two groups with mean ± SD 2.9 ± 0.46 L/h, 3.0 ± 0.5 in cases and controls respectively. The results also showed that there is no difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine between both extensive and poor metabolisers for debrisoquine hydroxylation. 4. The results of this thesis suggest a) that cigarette smokers who arc extensive metabolisers of debrisoquine are at an elevated risk of developing lung cancer, b) additive risk between the ability to extensively metabolise debrisoquine and occupational exposure to lung carcinogens in male smokers, c) the metabolic oxidation phenotypes may serve with other genetic markers for assessing susceptibility to lung cancer. 5. An agenda for subsequent investigations is proposed

Occupational respiratory diseases

Shipping list no.: 87-222-P."September 1986."S/N 017-033-00425-1 Item 499-F-2Also available via the World Wide Web.Includes bibliographies and index