Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation in Cerebelar Purkinje Cells as Substrate for Adaptive Timing of the Classicaly Conditioned Eye Blink Response

To understand how the cerebellum adaptively times the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR), a model of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) second messenger system in cerebellar Purkinje cells is constructed. In the model slow responses, generated postsynaptically by mGluR-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and calcium release from intracellular stores, bridge the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the onset of parallel fiber activity associated with the conditioned stimulus (CS) and climbing fiber activity associated with unconditioned stimulus (US) onset. Temporal correlation of metabotropic responses and climbing fiber signals produces persistent phosphorylation of both AMPA receptors and Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. This is responsible for long-term depression (LTD) of AMPA receptors. The phosphorylation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels leads to a reduction in baseline membrane potential and a reduction of Purkinje cell population firing during the CS-US interval. The Purkinje cell firing decrease disinhibits cerebellar nuclear cells which then produce an excitatory response corresponding to the learned movement. Purkinje cell learning times the response, while nuclear cell learning can calibrate it. The model reproduces key features of the conditioned rabbit NMR: Purkinje cell population response is properly timed, delay conditioning occurs for ISIs of up to four seconds while trace conditioning occurs only at shorter ISIs, mixed training at two different ISis produces a double-peaked response, and ISIs of 200-400ms produce maximal responding. Biochemical similarities between timed cerebellar learning and photoreceptor transduction, and circuit similarities between the timed cerebellar circuit and a timed dentate-CA3 hippocampal circuit, are noted.Office of Naval Research (N00014- 92-J-4015, N00014-92-J-1309, N00014-95-1-0409); Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-92-J-0225);National Science Foundation (IRI-90-24877

Mechanosensitivity of the BK Channels in Human Glioblastoma Cells: Kinetics and Dynamical Complexity

BK channels are potassium selective and exhibit large single-channel conductance. They play an important physiological role in glioma cells: they are involved in cell growth and extensive migrating behavior. Due to the fact that these processes are accompanied by changes in membrane stress, here, we examine mechanosensitive properties of BK channels from human glioblastoma cells (gBK channels). Experiments were performed by the use of patch-clamp method on excised patches under membrane suction (0–40 mmHg) at membrane hyper- and depolarization. We have also checked whether channel’s activity is affected by possible changes of membrane morphology after a series of long impulses of suction. Unconventionally, we also analyzed internal structure of the experimental signal to make inferences about conformational dynamics of the channel in stressed membranes. We examined the fractal long-range memory effect (by R/S Hurst analysis), the rate of changes in information by sample entropy, or correlation dimension, and characterize its complexity over a range of scales by the use of Multiscale Entropy method. The obtained results indicate that gBK channels are mechanosensitive at membrane depolarization and hyperpolarization. Prolonged suction of membrane also influences open–closed fluctuations—it decreases channel’s activity at membrane hyperpolarization and, in contrary, increases channel’s activity at high voltages. Both membrane strain and its “fatigue” reduce dynamical complexity of channel gating, which suggest decrease in the number of available open conformations of channel protein in stressed membranes

Postnatal Developmental Trends in Membrane Excitability and BK Channel Function in the Rodent Hippocampus

This dissertation outlines the postnatal development of excitability as well as expression and function of BK potassium channels in hippocampal neurons. I used patch clamp electrophysiology to measure how neuronal action potential waveforms and action potential firing frequencies change in early development, and how pharmacological blockade of BK channels affects these properties in hippocampal neurons. I also describe how the protein expression of the BK channel pore-forming α subunit and mRNA expression of different variants of the pore forming α subunit and auxiliary beta-4 subunit changes with development. I demonstrate in both cultured rat hippocampal neurons across the first seven postnatal days and in putative mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons from postnatal day four to fifteen in acutely prepared slices that maturation brings changes in action potential kinetics and large increases in the capacity for high frequency firing. In the cultured neurons I demonstrate that during the first postnatal week, the contribution of BK channels to action potential repolarization decreases but the channel’s role in maintaining high-frequency firing increases. This change in the timing of BK channel activity in the action potential waveform is accompanied by a slowing of BK current onset measured by a decreasing effect of BK current blockade on potassium current rise time. Additionally, I demonstrated in pyramidal neurons in mouse brain slices that there is a loss of BK channel contribution to action potential repolarization between postnatal day four and fifteen. These changes in the BK channel’s role in neuronal action potential firing are accompanied by large increases in the expression of α subunit protein measured by Western blot and by large increases in mRNA transcript expression, measured by RT-qPCR, of both the α and beta-4 subunits in the hippocampus. The rise in beta-4 subunit expression can explain the apparent slowing of BK channel activation through development. I investigated whether BK channel blockade in neonatal brain slices could attenuate hyperexcitability in a model of seizure activity as BK channels in immature neurons share properties of BK channel variants implicated in epilepsy but found no evidence to support this hypothesis

On the simple random-walk models of ion-channel gate dynamics reflecting long-term memory

Several approaches to ion-channel gating modelling have been proposed. Although many models describe the dwell-time distributions correctly, they are incapable of predicting and explaining the long-term correlations between the lengths of adjacent openings and closings of a channel. In this paper we propose two simple random-walk models of the gating dynamics of voltage and Ca2+-activated potassium channels which qualitatively reproduce the dwell-time distributions, and describe the experimentally observed long-term memory quite well. Biological interpretation of both models is presented. In particular, the origin of the correlations is associated with fluctuations of channel mass density. The long-term memory effect, as measured by Hurst R/S analysis of experimental single-channel patch-clamp recordings, is close to the behaviour predicted by our models. The flexibility of the models enables their use as templates for other types of ion channel

Octopamine increases the excitability of neurons in the snail feeding system by modulation of inward sodium current but not outward potassium currents

Background: Although octopamine has long been known to have major roles as both transmitter and modulator in arthropods, it has only recently been shown to be functionally important in molluscs, playing a role as a neurotransmitter in the feeding network of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The synaptic potentials cannot explain all the effects of octopamine-containing neurons on the feeding network, and here we test the hypothesis that octopamine is also a neuromodulator. Results: The excitability of the B1 and B4 motoneurons in the buccal ganglia to depolarising current clamp pulses is significantly (P << 0.05) increased by (10 mu M) octopamine, whereas the B2 motoneuron becomes significantly less excitable. The ionic currents evoked by voltage steps were recorded using 2-electrode voltage clamp. The outward current of B1, B2 and B4 motoneurons had two components, a transient I-A current and a sustained I-K delayed-rectifier current, but neither was modulated by octopamine in any of these three buccal neurons. The fast inward current was eliminated in sodium - free saline and so is likely to be carried by sodium ions. 10 mu M octopamine enhanced this current by 33 and 45% in the B1 and B4 motoneurons respectively (P << 0.05), but a small reduction was seen in the B2 neuron. A Hodgkin-Huxley style simulation of the B1 motoneuron confirms that a 33% increase in the fast inward current by octopamine increases the excitability markedly. Conclusion: We conclude that octopamine is also a neuromodulator in snails, changing the excitability of the buccal neurons. This is supported by the close relationship from the voltage clamp data, through the quantitative simulation, to the action potential threshold, changing the properties of neurons in a rhythmic network. The increase in inward sodium current provides an explanation for the polycyclic modulation of the feeding system by the octopamine-containing interneurons, making feeding easier to initiate and making the feeding bursts more intense

Direct regulation of HCN Ion channels by cannabinoids

Les cannabinoïdes sont une large classe de molécules qui agissent principalement sur les neurones, affectant la sensation de douleur, l'appétit, l'humeur, l'apprentissage et la mémoire. Des récepteurs cannabinoïdes spécifiques (CBR) ont été identifiés dans les neurones et d'autres types de cellules. Cependant, l'activation des CBR ne peut pas modifier directement l'excitabilité électrique des neurones, car les CBR ne génèrent pas de signaux électriques par eux-mêmes. Au lieu de cela, le potentiel membranaire et la signalisation électrique dans toutes les cellules excitables, y compris les neurones, sont générés par des canaux ioniques intégrés dans la membrane cellulaire. Récemment, il a été démontré que le cannabinoïde synthétique WIN55,212-2 affecte la mémoire en activant les récepteurs CB1, entraînant des changements de signalisation qui affectent le courant Ih généré par les canaux cycliques (HCN) activés par l'hyperpolarisation. Cependant, il a également été démontré que les cannabinoïdes régulent directement la fonction de plusieurs canaux ioniques, indépendamment de l'activation du CBR. Nous examinons ici si les cannabinoïdes, le 9-tétrahydrocannabidiol (THC) et le cannabidiol (CBD), que l'on trouve dans le cannabis sativa, peuvent réguler directement les canaux HCN1. En utilisant une pince de tension à deux électrodes (TEVC), sur des ovocytes de Xenopus, qui n'expriment pas de CBR, nous surveillons les changements dans la relation courant-tension, la cinétique de déclenchement et la dépendance à la tension des courants HCN1 dans des concentrations croissantes de cannabinoïdes. Nos données suggèrent que le CBD et le THC modulent directement le courant de HCN1. Étant donné que les cannabinoïdes sont des molécules thérapeutiques prometteuses pour le traitement de plusieurs troubles neurologiques, comprendre quelles cibles ils affectent, le mécanisme de leur régulation et comment ils se lient à des cibles potentielles sont des étapes essentielles de leur utilisation en tant que thérapies efficaces et du développement de cibles plus puissantes et plus efficaces médicaments spécifiques.Cannabinoids are a broad class of molecules that act primarily on neurons, affecting pain sensation, appetite, mood, learning and memory. Specific cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have been identified in neurons, and other cell types. However, activating CBRs cannot directly alter electrical excitability in neurons, since CBRs do not generate electrical signals on their own. Instead, membrane potential and electrical signaling in all excitable cells, including neurons, are generated by ion channels embedded in the cell membrane. Recently, it has been shown that the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 effects memory by activating CB1 receptors, leading to signaling changes that affect the Ih current generated by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels. However, cannabinoids have also been shown to directly regulate the function of several ion channels, independently of CBR activation. Here we examine whether cannabinoids, 9-tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which are found in cannabis sativa, can directly regulate HCN1 channels. Using two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC), on Xenopus oocytes, which do not express CBRs, we monitor changes in the current-voltage relationship, gating kinetics, and voltage-dependence of HCN1 currents in increasing concentrations of cannabinoids. Our data suggests CBD and THC directly modulate HCN1 current. Since cannabinoids are promising therapeutic molecules for the treatment of several neurological disorders, understanding what targets they affect, the mechanism of their regulation, and how they bind to potential targets are critical steps in their use as effective therapies and the development of more potent and target specific drugs