Advances in transdermal insulin delivery

Insulin therapy is necessary to regulate blood glucose levels for people with type 1 diabetes and commonly used in advanced type 2 diabetes. Although subcutaneous insulin administration via hypodermic injection or pump-mediated infusion is the standard route of insulin delivery, it may be associated with pain, needle phobia, and decreased adherence, as well as the risk of infection. Therefore, transdermal insulin delivery has been widely investigated as an attractive alternative to subcutaneous approaches for diabetes management in recent years. Transdermal systems designed to prevent insulin degradation and offer controlled, sustained release of insulin may be desirable for patients and lead to increased adherence and glycemic outcomes. A challenge for transdermal insulin delivery is the inefficient passive insulin absorption through the skin due to the large molecular weight of the protein drug. In this review, we focus on the different transdermal insulin delivery techniques and their respective advantages and limitations, including chemical enhancers-promoted, electrically enhanced, mechanical force-triggered, and microneedle-assisted methods

CNT MEMBRANE PLATFORMS FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY AND APTAMER MODULATED TRANSPORT

CNT membrane platforms are biomimetic polymeric membranes imbedded with carbon nanotubes which show fast fluid flow, electric conductivity, and the ability to be grafted with chemistry. A novel micro-dialysis probe nicotine concentration sampling technique was proposed and proved in vitro, which could greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of future animal transdermal studies. To enhance the scope of transdermal drug delivery which was limited to passive diffusion of small, potent lipophilic drugs, a wire mesh lateral electroporation design was also proposed which could periodically disrupt the skin barrier and enhance drug flux. It was shown that AMP binding aptamer at the tip of carbon nanotubes may act as gatekeepers and regulate ionic transport through CNT membrane. Multiple cycle gating of ionic transport upon AMP binding/unbinding which changes the aptamer conformation was displayed. This CNT membrane-aptamer system closely mimics how protein ion channels modulate ion flow by responding to stimuli, which may have significant impact on active membrane transport. Finally an enhanced electroosmosis concept by “ratchet” functionalization at both ends of carbon nanotubes in was discussed. Direct observation of water transport by electroosmosis was made possible through enhanced flow in vertically aligned high flux CNT membranes

Current Challenges in Non-Invasive Insulin Drug Delivery System: A Review

The Frederick Banting and Charles Best extracted insulin from bovine pancreas in 1922, who received the Nobel prize for their contribution in the medical field with Johan McLeod, The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the route of choice for the administration of most drugs, regardless of their molecular structure or weight and administration of insulin exogenously via subcutaneous route which mimic the pancreatic insulin secretion, for In todays era, insulin delivery by noninvasive route is an area of current interest in diabetes mellitus treatment by parenteral route for type-I and type-II diabetes mellitus , while noninvasive therapy through oral delivery is greatly desired, there are challenges that include the low bioavailability due to the rapid enzymatic degradation in the stomach. This review article patent that provides the novel approaches for noninvasive insulin drug delivery system to the bloodstream through the go tract. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, insulin, non-invasive insulin drug delivery, modern insulin drug delivery, absorption enhancer, insulin pump

Wearable technology for one health: Charting the course of dermal biosensing

Over the last decade, a significant paradigm shift has been observed towards leveraging less invasive biological fluids—such as skin interstitial fluid (ISF), sweat, tears, and saliva—for health monitoring. This evolution seeks to transcend traditional, invasive blood-based methods, offering a more accessible approach to health monitoring for non-specialized personnel. Skin ISF, with its profound resemblance to blood, emerges as a pivotal medium for the real-time, minimally invasive tracking of a broad spectrum of biomarkers, thus becoming an invaluable asset for correlating with blood-based data. Our exploration delves deeply into the development of wearable molecular biosensors, spotlighting dermal sensors for their pivotal roles across both clinical and everyday health monitoring scenarios and underscoring their contributions to the holistic One Health initiative. In bringing forward the myriad challenges that permeate this field, we also project future directions, notably the potential of skin ISF as a promising candidate for continuous health tracking. Moreover, this paper aims to catalyse further exploration and innovation by presenting a curated selection of seminal technological advancements. Amidst the saturated landscape of analytical literature on translational challenges, our approach distinctly seeks to highlight recent developments. In attracting a wider spectrum of research groups to this versatile domain, we endeavour to broaden the collective understanding of its trajectory and potential, mapping the evolution of wearable biosensor technology. This strategy not only illuminates the transformative impact of wearable biosensors in reshaping health diagnostics and personalized medicine but also fosters increased participation and progress within the field. Distinct from recent manuscripts in this domain, our review serves as a distillation of key concepts, elucidating pivotal papers that mark the latest advancements in wearable sensors. Through presenting a curated collection of landmark studies and offering our perspectives on the challenges and forward paths, this paper seeks to guide new entrants in the area. We delineate a division between wearable epidermal and subdermal sensors—focusing on the latter as the future frontier—thereby establishing a unique discourse within the ongoing narrative on wearable sensing technologies

Transfersomes as a Carrier for Transdermal Delivery of Acarbose

This study was to investigate the possible influence of Acarbose on glucagons like peptide-1 release and gastric emptying in type 2 diabetic patients after mixed test meal. It concluded that hyper-glycaemic type 2 diabetic patients, ingestion of Acarbose with a mixed test meal failed to enhance glucogon like peptide-1 release and did not influence gastric emptying.On the basis of these results, the Acarbose trnasfersomes (Formulation-3) showed better characteristic behaviour. The drug entrapment in formulation – 3 is higher than the other formulations. The diffusion study of Acarbose transfersome gave extended release of the drug which suffices to decreased dose, lesser frequent dose of treatment and more patient compliance. In anti - diabetic studies, the formulation - 3 considerable decrease of blood glucose by topical application, when compared with other formulation. This proved its targeting efficiency. So it was concluded that Acarbose transfersomes (Formulation – 3) was a better and efficient formulation than existing formulations

Design and Fabrication of Microneedles for Drug Delivery

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH