Persoalan Ortografi Untuk Bunyi Hambat-glotal Dalam Bahasa Melayu Loloan Bali

Abtract Malay language of Loloan Bali as one of the traditional language in Indonesia should get a proper attention in accordance with the mandate of UUD 1945. This language is used by Loloan society which is a combination of some ethnics such as Malay-Pontianak, Bugis-Makassar, Arab, Java, and Bali living in Loloan territory and the shore of Negara-Jembrana, Bali. In it\u27s development, this language lives contiguous and much influenced by Balinese language as a majority language in Bali and also Indonesian language as a national language in Indonesia. Until nowadays, this language has not used yet as an educational language and it still has not writing system yet (orthography). The limited orthography used in this language is the Indonesian spelling system. The orthography of glotal blocked sound in Malay language of Loloan Bali is still leaving an issue caused by two things. First, the symbol of glotal blocked sound in the traditional languages of Indonesia is still not showing a uniformity. As in Madura language, there is used the symbol of alphabet q, and Malay language of Pontianak use the symbol ?, meanwhile Klon language (traditional language used in Alor island) use the diakritik symbol (‘). Second, the glotal blocked sound in Malay language of Loloan Bali is not fully characterized as alophonic or phonemic system. The untotallity of its characteristic describes the dynamic of Malay languge of Loloan Bali which is formerly characterized as phonemic system and now it shows the unclear of phonemic system charavteristic become alophonic system characteristic (only in the speech variation) as in Indonesian and Balinese language. Academic research called as linguistic about orthography of glotal blocked sound in Malay language of Loloan Bali suggest the use of diakritic symbol (‘), while the symbol ? is used for the phonetic and phonemic writing. The symbol q is not suggested to use because alphabetic symbol is the symbol of unvoiced uvular blocked sound. The diacritic symbol is used for such words and such distribution only. The use of this symbol is proposed to use only in some words which reflects the special characteristics of the phonetic system of Malay Language of Loloan Bali and it could occuring ambiguity in several words if there is no differences between glotal blocked sound and velar blocked sound

COMUNICARE VERBALA SI NONVERBALA

Our symblos for communicating with others are based on shared experience. To us, the symbolic values of stimuli are learned associations usually derived from our experiences. The primary system for human symbolic communication is language, the basic definition of which is the relation between sounds andmeanings. The social aspect of language is that groups of people share a knowledge of these relations and therefore can communicate using them. We study the human symbols in terms of the basic linguistic rules that seem to relate sounds to meanings (linguistic theory); in terms of how we are able to learn and to use these rules (psycholinguistic theory); and in terms of how our uses vary with the social aspects of the communicators and the situation (sociolinguistic theory). Beyond the basic symbol system of language, we have nonverbal symbols. The study of these symbols is devided among paralinguistics, kinesics, haptics, proxemics, dress and appearance, chronemics, and icons. We must also consider the intentionality with which a nonverbal symbol is communicated.business negotiation, marketing communication

Bahasa, Identitas, Dan Konflik

In popular observation, the relation between language and conflict to date is set aside. However, in various conflicting areas, linguistic conflicts are frequently taking place, for instance the disputes over the use of languages. In relation to identity construction, in a certain state, language policy is the heart of formation of national identity. Due to the important role of language, when language is related to some aspects of human life; language can be politicized as well as cause a conflict. This paper discusses a number of historical evidence about repression upon language due to the conflict , language conflict and national identity. Based on a number of historical evidences, it can be argued that a language can become a victim of conflict due to the assumption that language loyalty can overcome loyalty towards the state. At the same time, language can be utilized as a symbol of struggle in an effort to separate itself from the state. In addition it can also serve as a separating symbol among the conflicting groups t. Language conflict can occur either in monolingual or multilingual communities. d The heterogeneity and the similarity of language can be constructed to maximize language as a symbol of identity in line with socio-political changes accompanying the conflict

Approaching the Symbol Grounding Problem with Probabilistic Graphical Models

In order for robots to engage in dialog with human teammates, they must have the ability to map between words in the language and aspects of the external world. A solution to this symbol grounding problem (Harnad, 1990) would enable a robot to interpret commands such as “Drive over to receiving and pick up the tire pallet.” In this article we describe several of our results that use probabilistic inference to address the symbol grounding problem. Our specific approach is to develop models that factor according to the linguistic structure of a command. We first describe an early result, a generative model that factors according to the sequential structure of language, and then discuss our new framework, generalized grounding graphs (G3). The G3 framework dynamically instantiates a probabilistic graphical model for a natural language input, enabling a mapping between words in language and concrete objects, places, paths and events in the external world. We report on corpus-based experiments where the robot is able to learn and use word meanings in three real-world tasks: indoor navigation, spatial language video retrieval, and mobile manipulation.U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Collaborative Technology Alliance Program (Cooperative Agreement W911NF-10-2-0016)United States. Office of Naval Research (MURI N00014-07-1-0749

Arabic/English symbol dictionary: early challenges and technological opportunities

Over the last ten years there has been an expansion in the number of symbol sets available to Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) users, their therapists, teachers and carers. They have tended to be developed in USA or Europe with English or European language word lists, although some have other language options including Arabic. The problem is that few show the traits of true localisation where solutions have to be found for “the differences between cultures and the problems that are likely to occur because of these differences” (Evers et al., 2000). Researchers have shown in relation to symbol use for communication that it is important to have: • translucency (How appropriate is a proposed symbol for a suggested meaning?) (Bloomberg et al. 1990),• guessability (Can subjects guess the intended meaning of a symbol?) (Hanson & Hartzema 1995, Dowse & Ehlers 2001,2003), and• iconicity (How distinctive are the symbols?) (Haupt & Alant 2003).Simple language translations may offer word for word matching within the lexicons, but they tend to miss the issues of local colloquial vocabulary, cultural, social and environmental differences which can all impact on the speed of communication especially when using many inappropriate icons, pictorgrams and other types of imagery to support dialogue and literacy skills

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN TAYLOR SWIFT SONGS

Language is the main means of communication; it consists of words that may be expressed by writing, gestures, or voice. Communicating using language helps humans to convey ideas, thoughts, emotions and feelings to each other. One way to do this is by using songs as a medium. Songs are very varied and one of the characteristics of songs contains beautiful language to make the song interesting. This language is called figurative language. The interesting thing about the use of figurative language in the song itself is that the listener is invited to guess the hidden meaning of some of the figurative language by using their imagination. Therefore, the researcher is interested in analyzing figurative language in songs. In this study, the researcher focused on analyzing various kinds of figurative language and their meanings in three Taylor Swift songs. This research used qualitative research methods. The instrument used in the research using document analysis. In the research findings on three Taylor Swift songs, the author found seven kinds of figurative language, namely personification, symbol, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, and paradox. Cruel summer tells the story of Taylor's love life that happened in the summer but at that time she was also faced with various problems that made her depressed. Lover is described as a song about a sincere relationship between lovers where they are committed to loving each other forever. Daylight depicted a couple who had experienced the pain and damage of a relationship. However, in that pain they tried to face it, forgave and resolved it together for a better future

Study on Gender Differences in Language Under the Sociolinguistics

Human beings not only created language, but also become the users; therefore, the study on linguistics should not only be made from the perspective of symbol, but more should be people-oriented. But the most significant difference between human beings is the gender difference, so people of different genders from either physiology or psychology in the use of language will have their own gender characteristics, which leads to the gender differences in language. By analyzing and studying on the connotation of gender differences in language and the social sources of it, we can conclude the significance of gender differences in language

Enhanced suffix arrays as language models: Virtual k-testable languages

In this article, we propose the use of suffix arrays to efficiently implement n-gram language models with practically unlimited size n. This approach, which is used with synchronous back-off, allows us to distinguish between alternative sequences using large contexts. We also show that we can build this kind of models with additional information for each symbol, such as part-of-speech tags and dependency information. The approach can also be viewed as a collection of virtual k-testable automata. Once built, we can directly access the results of any k-testable automaton generated from the input training data. Synchronous back- off automatically identies the k-testable automaton with the largest feasible k. We have used this approach in several classification tasks