Behavioral Intention and Use Behavior of University Students in Chengdu in Using Virtual Reality Technology for Learning

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the usage of virtual reality (VR) technology in learning among university students in Chengdu, China. Scholars created a virtual reality teaching game based on Unreal Engine 4 software that was utilized to instruct a videography course at the Design College of Sichuan University of Media and Communications in Chengdu, China, with 1160 university students participating in a two-year pedagogical reform project. The researchers employed a quantitative research approach with a sample size of 50 participants, as well as a face-to-face questionnaire survey of the target respondents. The data was gathered via stratified random sampling. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Model (SEM) were applied to analyze the data (SEM). The findings indicate that all factors have a substantial influence on students' utilization of virtual reality (VR) technology in learning, with behavioral intention having the biggest impact on actual usage, and that satisfaction has a considerable impact on actual usage. As a result, academic institutions that promote virtual reality (VR) technology as a teaching tool may be able to examine the factors that influence students' usage of VR technology in their learning, thereby boosting students' enthusiasm for learning and performance

EDITORIAL

The Scholar: Human Sciences, a journal encompassing the fields of humanities and social sciences, has earned acclaim in the Thailand Citation Index (TCI) as a prominent publication since 2015. It currently holds the esteemed TCI: TIER2 classification. We take great pride in presenting the latest issue, Scholar: Human Sciences Vol. 15 No. 1 (January – June 2023), which features a collection of manuscripts that have undergone rigorous evaluation. Each submission has been meticulously reviewed through a blinded review process by three specialized reviewers from different institutions, both internal and external to the authors. This peer-reviewed accreditation ensures the scholarly quality and integrity of the published articles. This  issue  covers  twenty-six  articles.  The  first  article  titled “Influencing Factors of Behavior Intention of Master of Arts Students Towards Online Education in Chengdu Public Universities, China” aims to investigate influencing factors of behavioral intentions to use online education of Master of Arts students from three public universities in the Chengdu region of China. The  second  article  titled “Determinants of Behavioral Intention to Use Hybrid Education Among Painting Students in Public Universities in Chengdu, China” aims to examine determinants of behavioral intention to use hybrid education among undergraduate students, majoring in painting at three public universities in Chengdu, China. The  third  article  titled “The Application of UTAUT on eLearning Usage Among Physics Students of International Schools in Bangkok, Thailand” aims to identify factors impacting the behavioral intention and use behavior of eLearning among the high school students who have been studying physics in the final two years (Grade 11 and 12) of international schools in Bangkok, Thailand. The  fourth  article  titled “The Influencing Factors of Gen Y Consumers' Purchase Intention of 3D Cameras in Mianyang, China” aims to examine relationship between social influence, perceived quality, attitude, satisfaction, and trust that influence purchase intention of 3D cameras of Generation Y customers in Mianyang, China. The fifth articled titled “The Assessment of Liberal Arts Students’ Behavioral Intention and Use Behavior of Mobile Video Apps in Chongqing, China” aims to assess the influencing factors of behavioral intention and use behavior towards mobile video apps, using a case of Gen Z students in liberal arts in Chongqing, China. The  sixth  article  titled “A Study of Non-Resident Gen Y Chinese’s Purchase Intention of Real Estate in Panzhihua, China” aims to investigate the factors influencing the purchase intention of non-resident Gen Y Chinese of real estate in Panzhihua, China. The  seventh  article  titled “Impacting Factors of Student Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Case Study of Private Universities in Zhejiang, China” mainly studies the factors impacting student satisfaction and loyalty of private universities in Zhejiang, China. The eighth article titled “Identifying Factors Influencing Continuance Intention and Actual Behavior of Online Computer Games in Chongqing, China” aims to identify the factors influencing students’ continuance intention and actual behavior of online computer games in Chongqing, China. The ninth article titled “Factors Impacting Student’s Behavioral Intention to Use Social Media Applications for Online Learning” aims to investigate the impacting factors of students’ behavioral intention to use social media applications for online learning. The  tenth  article  titled “Behavioral Intention and Use Behavior of University Students in Chengdu in Using Virtual Reality Technology for Learning” aims to investigate the factors that influence the usage of virtual reality (VR) technology in learning among university students in Chengdu, China. The  eleventh  article  titled “Factors Influencing Behavioral Intention of Online Learning in the Post-Covid Pandemic: A Case Study of a Primary School in Chengdu, China” aims to determine influencing factors of primary school students’ behavioral intention to use online learning in the post-Covid pandemic in Chengdu, China. The  twelfth  article  titled “Examination of Tax Compliance Behavior Among Citizens in Phnom Penh, Cambodia” aims to examine drivers of tax compliance among citizens in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: economic compliance drivers, individual compliance drivers, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and perceived opportunity. The  thirteenth  article  titled “Blended Learning in Teaching Piano Major Students in the Music Department of Hunan Vocational College of Art” aims to explore the effectiveness of the blended learning approach of piano on the performance of the major students in the Music department of Hunan Vocational College of Art and to determine the students' perceptions of the blended learning approach through a questionnaire survey. The  fourteenth  article  titled “Behavioral Intention and Level of Usage on Convergence Media training Platform on Journalism University Students of Private Universities in Sichuan, China” aims to investigate the factors that affect students' behavioral intention and utilization of behavior in the convergence media training platform and to recommend cultivating converged media talents. The fifteenth article titled “Students’ behavioral intention on interactive video in primary Cinematography of Art Universities in Chengdu, China” aims to explore the effect of using interactive video in major cinematography classrooms and the acceptance of students. The  sixteenth  article  titled “Factors Influencing Online Purchase Intention of Organic Food among Generation X Consumers in Ho Chi Minh” investigates factors influencing online purchase intention among Gen X consumers, incorporated reasons against organic food purchase, health consciousness, reasons for organic food consumption, attitudes, social influence, and perceived risk. The  seventeenth  article  titled “Affecting Factors Affecting Non-Residents’ Attitude towards Online Purchase Intention in Taiyuan China” examines affecting factors of non-residents’ attitudes toward online purchase intention in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China. The eighteenth article titled “Switching Intention and Intention to Use Personal Cloud Storage Services Among Chinese Undergraduates” investigates the factors influencing Hangzhou undergraduates' switching intentions and intention to use personal cloud storage services. The  nineteenth  article  titled “Understanding Online Shopping Behaviors and Purchase Intentions Amongst Undergraduate Students in Chengdu, China” focuses on the factors impacting purchase intention towards actual behavior amongst college students in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. The twentieth article titled “The Exploration on Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Case of Non-Teacher Training Major Students in Chuxiong Normal University, China” aims to examine the factors impacting student satisfaction and loyalty, using a case of non-teacher training major students at Chuxiong Normal University, China. The twenty-first article titled “Mobile Game Players’ Behavioral Intention to Use Facial Recognition Login System in Shanghai, China” aims to study the influences of perceived effectiveness of privacy policy, perceived privacy risk, perceived privacy self-efficacy, privacy concern, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and the behavioral intention of mobile game players toward facial recognition login systems. The twenty-second article titled “Determinants of Postgraduate Students of Fine Arts’ Satisfaction and Performance of e-Learning in Chengdu Region of China” aims to investigate the determinants of e-learning satisfaction and performance of fine arts’ postgraduate students in five universities in Chengdu, China. The twenty-third article titled “Customer Loyalty in the Retail Industry in Yangon, Myanmar” aims to investigate the factors impacting customer loyalty in the retail industry in Yangon, Myanmar, which organizations and marketers need to focus on a competitive edge to gain sustainability in customer loyalty. The twenty-fourth article titled “Factors Affecting Satisfaction and Loyalty of Social Science Students in A Public University in Shanxi, China” aims to determine the impacting factors of satisfaction and loyalty among students majoring in social science at public universities in Shanxi Province. The twenty-fifth article titled “The Examination of Customer’s Brand Loyalty Toward Five-Star Hotels in Bangkok” aims to examine the causal relationship between advanced information and communication technology (ICT), perceived quality (tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance, and empathy), brand awareness, brand image, and brand loyalty. The twenty-sixth article titled “Key Influencers of Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention of In-patients in Chengdu, China” aims to evaluate key influencers of satisfaction and behavioral intention of In-patients in Chengdu, China, which the hospital can understand the expectations of in-patients and improve competitiveness

Determinants of Aviation Students’ Intentions to Use Virtual Reality for Flight Training

Immersive simulation technology has been incorporated into numerous training environments, including medicine, engineering, and marketing. The aviation industry, in particular, has a history of embracing technology to enhance training and has especially regulated the requirements of devices for flight training. Virtual reality (VR) is the newest technology being adapted for training purposes. Many educational institutions training providers are incorporating virtual environments (VE) and VR systems into curricula and training programs to expand educational opportunities, enhance learning, promote deep cognitive learning, and leverage the abilities of a generation of students who have adopted technology from an early age. As VR is adopted for educational purposes, researchers are conducting experiments to learning with the VE occurs at an equal or greater level than in the real world. However, research surrounding students’ perceptions of the technology and intentions to use it for training has been neglected. This is especially true in the realm of aviation and flight training. The goal of this research was to determine the factors that influence aviation students’ intention to use VR for flight training. An extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was developed that incorporates elements of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB); factors derived from relevant, validated extended TAMs; and new factors that are theorized to impact use intention. These factors are related to aviation education, the use of VR technology in training environments, and using VR for flight training. The new model may explain flight students’ acceptance of VR for flight training as well as their intent to use the technology. A quantitative research method with a cross-sectional survey design was utilized. Descriptive statistical analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and a structural equation modeling (SEM) process were employed. Data were collected from aviation students enrolled in FAA-approved Part 141 pilot schools in early 2020 using a survey design. Results indicated a good model fit to answer the three research questions of the study. There were 14 hypotheses in the original model. Although one was removed, an additional relationship was discovered, validated, and added to the model. Nine of the hypotheses were supported. Eight of the nine predictor factors of the model were determined to directly or indirectly impact behavioral intention (BI). The original TAM factors had the strongest relationships. Relationships between factors particularly relevant to VR technology and aviation training were also supported. The results of the study fill a gap in the research surrounding the use of VR for flight training and the influencing factors of behavioral intention. The model may also be modified for other educational and training environments as well as other forms of immersive simulation technology

Adoption of augmented reality technology by university students

In recent times, Augmented Reality has gained more relevance in the field of education. This relevance has been enhanced due to its ease of use, as well as the availability of the technical devices for the students. The present study was conducted with students enrolled in the Pedagogy Degree in the Faculty of Education at the University of Seville. The objective was to understand the degree of technological acceptance of students during their interaction with the AR objects produced, the performance achieved by the students, and if their gender affected their acquisition of knowledge. For this, three data collection instruments were utilized: a multiple choice test for the analysis of the student's performance after the interaction, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) diagnostic instrument, created by Davis (1989), and an “ad hoc” instrument created so that the students could evaluate the class notes enriched with the AR objects created. The study has allowed us to broaden the scientific knowledge of the TAM by Davis, to understand that AR objects can be utilized in university teaching, and to know that the student's gender does not influence learning.Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain EDU-5746-

Educational Uses of Augmented Reality (AR): Experiences in Educational Science

Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technology that is gaining greater influence on teaching every day. AR, together with mobile technology, is defined as one of the most efficient pairs for supporting significant and ubiquitous learning. Purpose of the study: the Instructional Material Motivational Survey (IMMS), by Keller, was used to determine the degree of motivation possessed by the Pedagogy students on the utilization of the notes enriched with AR in the classroom, available for their didactic use through mobile devices. Methods: through an app designed for the courses Education Technology (ET) and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Applied to Education, the motivation gained when participating in this experience, and how it influences the improvement of academic performance, was evaluated. Results and conclusions: the most notable main result was finding a strong relationship between the motivation of the students when using the enriched notes and the increase of performance in the academic subject where it was used. Likewise, it was proved that the use of Augmented Reality benefited the learning process itself

Modelling 3D product visualization on the online retailer

-Purpose: An emerging body of research has investigated telepresence and presence notions in online retailers’ websites during the past two decades. Since that time considerable research has been published in different fields to explain the meanings and applications of these notions. This study aims to investigate the antecedents and consequences of 3D product simulation telepresence and the effects of the consequences on consumers’ behavioural intentions on the online retailer Website. -Design/methodology/approach: this study developed a retailer Website in which a variety of laptops are presented by using 3D product visualizations. This research used a within-subjects design and employed two laboratory experiments. In the first experiment, a two-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted to determine the effects of the manipulated conditions on the dependent variable (i.e., 3D telepresence). Finally, we used Amos 16 to test the overall goodness of fit of the proposed conceptual model. -Originality/values: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first in the UK that used a UK sample to investigate the effects of using 3D product visualization in an electrical industry (i.e., laptops) on consumers’ experiences. Secondly, this paper merged constructs from the human-computer-interaction (HCI) field (i.e., control, vividness and telepresence) to the proposed model. Moreover, the way this paper defines interactivity and telepresence adds value to this study. Thirdly, we developed new scales to measure telepresence and control constructs to suit consumers’ experience in the online retailer context. Finally, the design of this study is original in using a website that contains 3D product visualization with both utilitarian and hedonic values. -Findings: The manipulation checks showed that high control and animation provides most effective representation of telepresence. The overall goodness of fit of the conceptual model met the standards and showed that all the hypothesized paths were valid

Pointing as an Instrumental Gesture : Gaze Representation Through Indication

The research of the first author was supported by a Fulbright Visiting Scholar Fellowship and developed in 2012 during a period of research visit at the University of Memphis.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Enaction-Based Artificial Intelligence: Toward Coevolution with Humans in the Loop

This article deals with the links between the enaction paradigm and artificial intelligence. Enaction is considered a metaphor for artificial intelligence, as a number of the notions which it deals with are deemed incompatible with the phenomenal field of the virtual. After explaining this stance, we shall review previous works regarding this issue in terms of artifical life and robotics. We shall focus on the lack of recognition of co-evolution at the heart of these approaches. We propose to explicitly integrate the evolution of the environment into our approach in order to refine the ontogenesis of the artificial system, and to compare it with the enaction paradigm. The growing complexity of the ontogenetic mechanisms to be activated can therefore be compensated by an interactive guidance system emanating from the environment. This proposition does not however resolve that of the relevance of the meaning created by the machine (sense-making). Such reflections lead us to integrate human interaction into this environment in order to construct relevant meaning in terms of participative artificial intelligence. This raises a number of questions with regards to setting up an enactive interaction. The article concludes by exploring a number of issues, thereby enabling us to associate current approaches with the principles of morphogenesis, guidance, the phenomenology of interactions and the use of minimal enactive interfaces in setting up experiments which will deal with the problem of artificial intelligence in a variety of enaction-based ways

Using virtual reality to train infection prevention: what predicts performance and behavioral intention?

Training medical professionals for hand hygiene is challenging, especially due to the invisibility of microorganisms to the human eye. As the use of virtual reality (VR) in medical training is still novel, this exploratory study investigated how preexisting technology acceptance and in-training engagement predict VR hand hygiene performance scores. The effect of training in the VR environment on the behavioral intention to further use this type of training device (a component of technology acceptance) was also investigated. Participants completed a VR hand hygiene training comprising three levels of the same task with increasing difficulty. We measured technology acceptance, composed of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and behavioral intention, pre- and post-training, and in-training engagement using adaptations of existing questionnaires. We used linear regression models to determine predictors of performance in level-3 and of behavioral intention to further use VR training. Forty-three medical students participated in this exploratory study. In-training performance significantly increased between level-1 and level-3. Performance in level-3 was predicted by prior performance expectancy and engagement during the training session. Intention to further use VR to learn medical procedures was predicted by both prior effort expectancy and engagement. Our results provide clarification on the relationship between VR training, engagement, and technology acceptance. Future research should assess the long-term effectiveness of hand hygiene VR training and the transferability of VR training to actual patient care in natural settings. A more complete VR training could also be developed, with additional levels including more increased difficulty and additional medical tasks