Fast Low-rank Representation based Spatial Pyramid Matching for Image Classification

Spatial Pyramid Matching (SPM) and its variants have achieved a lot of success in image classification. The main difference among them is their encoding schemes. For example, ScSPM incorporates Sparse Code (SC) instead of Vector Quantization (VQ) into the framework of SPM. Although the methods achieve a higher recognition rate than the traditional SPM, they consume more time to encode the local descriptors extracted from the image. In this paper, we propose using Low Rank Representation (LRR) to encode the descriptors under the framework of SPM. Different from SC, LRR considers the group effect among data points instead of sparsity. Benefiting from this property, the proposed method (i.e., LrrSPM) can offer a better performance. To further improve the generalizability and robustness, we reformulate the rank-minimization problem as a truncated projection problem. Extensive experimental studies show that LrrSPM is more efficient than its counterparts (e.g., ScSPM) while achieving competitive recognition rates on nine image data sets.Comment: accepted into knowledge based systems, 201

Dense Visual Word Spatial Arrangement Dan Penerapannya Pada Pengenalan Gambar Secara Otomatis

Bag of visual word (BoVW) merupakan metode yang menjelaskan isi dari gambar. Metode ini hanya menghitung banyaknya word dan tidak memberikan informasi spatial. Terdapat metode Visual word spatial arrangement (WSA) dimana metode ini memberikan informasi spatial tentang word tertentu pada gambar dengan menggunakan interest point sebagai detektor. WSA kurang dapat memberikan informasi yang penting pada gambar dikarenakan interest point yang dihasilkan oleh detektor dapat memberikan titik-titik yang berpotensi tidak merupakan representasi yang penting dari gambar tersebut. Pada paper ini diusulkan metode dense visual word spatial arrangement (DVSA) yang merupakan modifikasi metode dari WSA. Metode ini tidak menggunakan detektor interest point untuk menghitung deskriptor lokal melainkan dengan menghitung deskriptor lokal pada bagian komponen piksel-piksel yang saling berdekatan. Hasil pengujian pada 4485 gambar dengan 15 jenis kelas menggunakan 10-fold cross validation untuk 2 word metode yang diusulkan memberikan peningkatan performa sebesar 12.68 % dari akurasi BoVW sedangkan akurasi WSA lebih baik 15.62 % dari BoVW. Untuk 4 word metode yang diusulkan memberikan peningkatan performa akurasi sebesar 30.99 % dari akurasi BoVW dan peningkatan performa 18.16 % dari WSA. Sedangkan untuk 6 word metode yang diusulkan memberikan peningkatan performa sebesar 29.98 % dari akurasi BoVW dan peningkatan performa 18.75 % dari WSA. Peningkatan performa akurasi sebesar 36.2 % didapatkan oleh metode yang diusulkan dengan 6 word terhadap BoVW dengan 2 word. Peningkatan performa sampai 18.75 % yang dihasilkan DVSA dibandingkan WSA dan peningkatan performa sampai 30.99 % dibandingkan BoVW dengan jumlah word yang sama menunjukkan metode yang diusulkan kompetitif untuk mengenali jenis gambar

Classification of Test Documents Based on Handwritten Student ID's Characteristics

AbstractThe bag of words (BoW) model is an efficient image representation technique for image categorization and annotation tasks. Building good feature vocabularies from automatically extracted image feature vectors produces discriminative feature words, which can improve the accuracy of image categorization tasks. In this paper we use feature vocabularies based biometric characteristic for identification on student ID and classification of students’ papers and various exam documents used at the University of Mostar. We demonstrated an experiment in which we used OpenCV as an image processing tool and tool for feature extraction. As regards to classification method, we used Neural Network for Recognition of Handwritten Digits (student ID). We tested out proposed method on MNIST test database and achieved recognition rate of 94,76% accuracy. The model is tested on digits which are extracted from the handwritten student exams and the accuracy of 82% is achieved (92% correctly classified digits)

INFERENSI KONTEKS BERDASARKAN ANALISIS RELASI MAKNA WEBTOON “SMILE BRUSH: MY OLD PICTURES”

The study in this research is oriented to the analysis and description of inferences on the context and a comprehensive understanding of other linguistic variables in the text and discourse in it. The research data are lingual lexical units and phrases that show the relation of synonymy and polysemy meanings in the narrative text of the comic "Smile Brush: My Old Pictures" by Waroo, which can be accessed on the Webtoon platform. The data is processed using descriptive qualitative linguistic research characteristics combined with ethnoscience analysis. Data was occupied by the distribution method using the BUL/Direct Element Sharing technique and coding. The result states that this inference is the conclusion of cognition based on the context built by involving participants, awareness, and over-paradigmatic relations to syntagmatic other ties. This inference is the role of the association of meaning to other linguistic units in understanding the context in terminating inference. The process and conclusion of all these factors and variables show the stimulative, systemic, and holistic linguistic correlation of metafunctions and stratification of linguistic domains

Building an enhanced vocabulary of the robot environment with a ceiling pointing camera

Mobile robots are of great help for automatic monitoring tasks in different environments. One of the first tasks that needs to be addressed when creating these kinds of robotic systems is modeling the robot environment. This work proposes a pipeline to build an enhanced visual model of a robot environment indoors. Vision based recognition approaches frequently use quantized feature spaces, commonly known as Bag of Words (BoW) or vocabulary representations. A drawback using standard BoW approaches is that semantic information is not considered as a criteria to create the visual words. To solve this challenging task, this paper studies how to leverage the standard vocabulary construction process to obtain a more meaningful visual vocabulary of the robot work environment using image sequences. We take advantage of spatio-temporal constraints and prior knowledge about the position of the camera. The key contribution of our work is the definition of a new pipeline to create a model of the environment. This pipeline incorporates (1) tracking information to the process of vocabulary construction and (2) geometric cues to the appearance descriptors. Motivated by long term robotic applications, such as the aforementioned monitoring tasks, we focus on a configuration where the robot camera points to the ceiling, which captures more stable regions of the environment. The experimental validation shows how our vocabulary models the environment in more detail than standard vocabulary approaches, without loss of recognition performance. We show different robotic tasks that could benefit of the use of our visual vocabulary approach, such as place recognition or object discovery. For this validation, we use our publicly available data-set

Experimenting Liver Fibrosis Diagnostic by Two Photon Excitation Microscopy and Bag-of-Features Image Classification

The accurate staging of liver fibrosis is of paramount importance to determine the state of disease progression, therapy responses, and to optimize disease treatment strategies. Non-linear optical microscopy techniques such as two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) can image the endogenous signals of tissue structures and can be used for fibrosis assessment on non-stained tissue samples. While image analysis of collagen in SHG images was consistently addressed until now, cellular and tissue information included in TPEF images, such as inflammatory and hepatic cell damage, equally important as collagen deposition imaged by SHG, remain poorly exploited to date. We address this situation by experimenting liver fibrosis quantification and scoring using a combined approach based on TPEF liver surface imaging on a Thioacetamide-induced rat model and a gradient based Bag-of-Features (BoF) image classification strategy. We report the assessed performance results and discuss the influence of specific BoF parameters to the performance of the fibrosis scoring framework.Romania. Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (research grant PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2-1162)Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities (SCIEX NMS-CH research fellowship nr. 12.135)Singapore. Agency for Science, Technology and Research (R-185-000-182-592)Singapore. Biomedical Research CouncilInstitute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (Singapore)Singapore-MIT Alliance (Computational and Systems Biology Flagship Project funding (C-382-641-001-091))Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART BioSyM and Mechanobiology Institute of Singapore (R-714-001-003-271)

A New Scene Classification Method Based on Local Gabor Features

A new scene classification method is proposed based on the combination of local Gabor features with a spatial pyramid matching model. First, new local Gabor feature descriptors are extracted from dense sampling patches of scene images. These local feature descriptors are embedded into a bag-of-visual-words (BOVW) model, which is combined with a spatial pyramid matching framework. The new local Gabor feature descriptors have sufficient discrimination abilities for dense regions of scene images. Then the efficient feature vectors of scene images can be obtained by K-means clustering method and visual word statistics. Second, in order to decrease classification time and improve accuracy, an improved kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) method is applied to reduce the dimensionality of pyramid histogram of visual words (PHOW). The principal components with the bigger interclass separability are retained in feature vectors, which are used for scene classification by the linear support vector machine (SVM) method. The proposed method is evaluated on three commonly used scene datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method

Dense Visual Word Spatial Arrangement Dan Penerapannya Bersama Fitur Warna Dan Tekstur Pada Pengenalan Objek Secara Otomatis

Bag of visual word (BoVW) merupakan metode yang menjelaskan isi dari gambar. Metode ini hanya menghitung banyaknya word dan tidak memberikan informasi spatial. Terdapat metode Visual word spatial arrangement (WSA) dimana metode ini memberikan informasi spatial tentang word tertentu pada gambar dengan menggunakan interest point sebagai detektor. WSA kurang dapat memberikan informasi yang penting pada gambar dikarenakan interest point yang dihasilkan oleh detektor dapat memberikan titik-titik yang berpotensi tidak merupakan representasi yang penting dari gambar tersebut. Pada tesis ini diusulkan metode dense visual word spatial arrangement (DVSA) yang merupakan modifikasi metode dari WSA. Metode ini tidak menggunakan detektor interest point untuk menghitung deskriptor lokal melainkan dengan menghitung deskriptor lokal pada bagian komponen piksel-piksel yang saling berdekatan. Hasil pengujian pada 4485 gambar dengan 15 jenis kelas menggunakan 10-fold cross validation untuk 2 word metode yang diusulkan memberikan peningkatan performa sebesar 12.68 % dari akurasi BoVW sedangkan akurasi WSA lebih baik 15.62 % dari BoVW. Untuk 4 word metode yang diusulkan memberikan peningkatan performa akurasi sebesar 30.99 % dari akurasi BoVW dan peningkatan performa 18.16 % dari WSA. Sedangkan untuk 6 word metode yang diusulkan memberikan peningkatan performa sebesar 29.98 % dari akurasi BoVW dan peningkatan performa 18.75 % dari WSA. Peningkatan performa akurasi sebesar 36.2 % didapatkan oleh metode yang diusulkan dengan 6 word terhadap BoVW vi dengan 2 word. Peningkatan performa sampai 18.75 % yang dihasilkan DVSA dibandingkan WSA dan peningkatan performa sampai 30.99 % dibandingkan BoVW dengan jumlah word yang sama menunjukkan metode yang diusulkan kompetitif untuk mengenali jenis gambar. ======================================================================================================== Bag of visual word (BoVW) is a method that describes the contents of an image. This method simply counts the number of words, but it doesn't provide spatial information. Besides there is a method that provides spatial information about particular words in the image by using an interest point as a detector. The method is Visual word spatial arrangement (WSA). WSA can provide less important information on the image generated due to the interest point doesn't represent the main aspects of the image.Iin this thesis, Dense visual word spatial arrangement (DVSA) method which is proposed is a modification of the WSA method. The proposed method doesn't use an interest point detector to compute local descriptor but it uses a local descriptor that computes at the component pixels adjacent to each other. The test result on 4485 images with 15 types of classes is computed using 10 fold cross validation for 2 words of the proposed method that provides an improved performance by 12.68% of accuracy BoVW, while WSA has better accuracy by 15.62% from BoVW. For 4 words, the proposed method provides an improved performance by 30.99% from the accuracy of BoVW, and an improved performance by 18.16% from WSA. While for 6 words, the proposed method provides an improved performance by 29.98% from the accuracy of BoVW, and an improved performance by 18.75% from WSA. The improved performance of the accuracy by 36.20% is obtained by the proposed method with 6 words than BoVW with 2 words. From the result can be concluded that the proposed method or DVSA method is more competitive to recognize images