Augmented reality displays for communicating uncertainty information in automated driving

Safe manual driving performance following takeovers in conditionally automated driving systems is impeded by a lack in situation awareness, partly due to an inappropriate trust in the system’s capabilities. Previous work has indicated that the communication of system uncertainties can aid the trust calibration process. However, it has yet to be investigated how the information is best conveyed to the human operator. The study outlined in this publication presents an interface layout to visualise function-specific uncertainty information in an augmented reality display and explores the suitability of 11 visual variables. 46 participants completed a sorting task and indicated their preference for each of these variables. The results demonstrate that particularly colour-based and animation-based variables, above all hue, convey a clear order in terms of urgency and are well-received by participants. The presented findings have implications for all augmented reality displays that are intended to show content varying in urgency

Enhancing driving safety and user experience through unobtrusive and function-specific feedback

Inappropriate trust in the capabilities of automated driving systems can result in misuse and insufficient monitoring behaviour that impedes safe manual driving performance following takeovers. Previous studies indicate that the communication of system uncertainty can promote appropriate use and monitoring by calibrating trust. However, existing approaches require the driver to regularly glance at the instrument cluster to perceive the changes in uncertainty. This may lead to missed uncertainty changes and user disruptions. Furthermore, the benefits of conveying the uncertainty of the different vehicle functions such as lateral and longitudinal control have yet to be explored. This research addresses these gaps by investigating the impact of unobtrusive and function-specific feedback on driving safety and user experience. Transferring knowledge from other disciplines, several different techniques will be assessed in terms of their suitability for conveying uncertainty in a driving context

The influence of system transparency on trust: Evaluating interfaces in a highly automated vehicle

Previous studies indicate that, if an automated vehicle communicates its system status and intended behaviour, it could increase user trust and acceptance. However, it is still unclear what types of interfaces will better portray this type of information. The present study evaluated different configurations of screens comparing how they communicated the possible hazards in the environment (e.g. vulnerable road users), and vehicle behaviours (e.g. intended trajectory). These interfaces were presented in a fully automated vehicle tested by 25 participants in an indoor arena. Surveys and interviews measured trust, usability and experience after users were driven by an automated low-speed pod. Participants experienced four types of interfaces, from a simple journey tracker to a windscreen-wide augmented reality (AR) interface which overlays hazards highlighted in the environment and the trajectory of the vehicle. A combination of the survey and interview data showed a clear preference for the AR windscreen and an animated representation of the environment. The trust in the vehicle featuring these interfaces was significantly higher than pretrial measurements. However, some users questioned if they want to see this information all the time. One additional result was that some users felt motion sick when presented with the more engaging content. This paper provides recommendations for the design of interfaces with the potential to improve trust and user experience within highly automated vehicles

차량용 헤드업 디스플레이 설계에 관한 인간공학 연구

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 산업공학과, 2020. 8. 박우진.Head-up display (HUD) systems were introduced into the automobile industry as a means for improving driving safety. They superimpose safety-critical information on top of the drivers forward field of view and thereby help drivers keep their eyes forward while driving. Since the first introduction about three decades ago, automotive HUDs have been available in various commercial vehicles. Despite the long history and potential benefits of automotive HUDs, however, the design of useful automotive HUDs remains a challenging problem. In an effort to contribute to the design of useful automotive HUDs, this doctoral dissertation research conducted four studies. In Study 1, the functional requirements of automotive HUDs were investigated by reviewing the major automakers' automotive HUD products, academic research studies that proposed various automotive HUD functions, and previous research studies that surveyed drivers HUD information needs. The review results indicated that: 1) the existing commercial HUDs perform largely the same functions as the conventional in-vehicle displays, 2) past research studies proposed various HUD functions for improving driver situation awareness and driving safety, 3) autonomous driving and other new technologies are giving rise to new HUD information, and 4) little research is currently available on HUD users perceived information needs. Based on the review results, this study provides insights into the functional requirements of automotive HUDs and also suggests some future research directions for automotive HUD design. In Study 2, the interface design of automotive HUDs for communicating safety-related information was examined by reviewing the existing commercial HUDs and display concepts proposed by academic research studies. Each display was analyzed in terms of its functions, behaviors and structure. Also, related human factors display design principles, and, empirical findings on the effects of interface design decisions were reviewed when information was available. The results indicated that: 1) information characteristics suitable for the contact-analog and unregistered display formats, respectively, are still largely unknown, 2) new types of displays could be developed by combining or mixing existing displays or display elements at both the information and interface element levels, and 3) the human factors display principles need to be used properly according to the situation and only to the extent that the resulting display respects the limitations of the human information processing, and achieving balance among the principles is important to an effective design. On the basis of the review results, this review suggests design possibilities and future research directions on the interface design of safety-related automotive HUD systems. In Study 3, automotive HUD-based take-over request (TOR) displays were developed and evaluated in terms of drivers take-over performance and visual scanning behavior in a highly automated driving situation. Four different types of TOR displays were comparatively evaluated through a driving simulator study - they were: Baseline (an auditory beeping alert), Mini-map, Arrow, and Mini-map-and-Arrow. Baseline simply alerts an imminent take-over, and was always included when the other three displays were provided. Mini-map provides situational information. Arrow presents the action direction information for the take-over. Mini-map-and-Arrow provides the action direction together with the relevant situational information. This study also investigated the relationship between drivers initial trust in the TOR displays and take-over and visual scanning behavior. The results indicated that providing a combination of machine-made decision and situational information, such as Mini-map-and-Arrow, yielded the best results overall in the take-over scenario. Also, drivers initial trust in the TOR displays was found to have significant associations with the take-over and visual behavior of drivers. The higher trust group primarily relied on the proposed TOR displays, while the lower trust group tended to more check the situational information through the traditional displays, such as side-view or rear-view mirrors. In Study 4, the effect of interactive HUD imagery location on driving and secondary task performance, driver distraction, preference, and workload associated with use of scrolling list while driving were investigated. A total of nine HUD imagery locations of full-windshield were examined through a driving simulator study. The results indicated the HUD imagery location affected all the dependent measures, that is, driving and task performance, drivers visual distraction, preference and workload. Considering both objective and subjective evaluations, interactive HUDs should be placed near the driver's line of sight, especially near the left-bottom on the windshield.자동차 헤드업 디스플레이는 차내 디스플레이 중 하나로 운전자에게 필요한 정보를 전방에 표시함으로써, 운전자가 운전을 하는 동안 전방으로 시선을 유지할 수 있게 도와준다. 이를 통해 운전자의 주의 분산을 줄이고, 안전을 향상시키는데 도움이 될 수 있다. 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템은 약 30년 전 운전자의 안전을 향상시키기 위한 수단으로 자동차 산업에 처음 도입된 이래로 현재까지 다양한 상용차에서 사용되고 있다. 안전과 편의 측면에서 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 사용은 점점 더 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 그러나 이러한 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 잠재적 이점과 발전 가능성에도 불구하고, 유용한 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이를 설계하는 것은 여전히 어려운 문제이다. 이에 본 연구는 이러한 문제를 해결하고, 궁극적으로 유용한 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 설계에 기여하고자 총 4가지 연구를 수행하였다. 첫 번째 연구는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 기능 요구 사항과 관련된 것으로서, 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템을 통해 어떤 정보를 제공할 것인가에 대한 답을 구하고자 하였다. 이에 주요 자동차 제조업체들의 헤드업 디스플레이 제품들과, 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 다양한 기능들을 제안한 학술 연구, 그리고 운전자의 정보 요구 사항들을 체계적 문헌 고찰 방법론을 통해 포괄적으로 조사하였다. 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 기능적 요구 사항에 대하여 개발자, 연구자, 사용자 측면을 모두 고려한 통합된 지식을 전달하고, 이를 통해 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 기능 요구 사항에 대한 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다. 두 번째 연구는 안전 관련 정보를 제공하는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 인터페이스 설계와 관련된 것으로, 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템을 통해 안전 관련 정보를 어떻게 제공할 것인가에 대한 답을 구하고자 하였다. 실제 자동차들의 헤드업 디스플레이 시스템에서는 어떤 디스플레이 컨셉들이 사용되었는지, 그리고 학계에서 제안된 디스플레이 컨셉들에는 어떤 것들이 있는지 체계적 문헌 고찰 방법론을 통해 검토하였다. 검토된 결과는 각 디스플레이의 기능과 구조, 그리고 작동 방식에 따라 정리되었고, 관련된 인간공학적 디스플레이 설계 원칙과 실험적 연구 결과들을 함께 검토하였다. 검토된 결과를 바탕으로 안전 관련 정보를 제공하는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이의 인터페이스 설계에 대한 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다. 세 번째 연구는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 기반의 제어권 전환 관련 인터페이스 설계와 평가에 관한 것이다. 제어권 전환이란, 자율주행 상태에서 운전자가 직접 운전을 하는 수동 운전 상태로 전환이 되는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 갑작스런 제어권 전환 요청이 발생하는 경우, 운전자가 안전하게 대처하기 위해서는 빠른 상황 파악과 의사 결정이 필요하게 되고, 이를 효과적으로 도와주기 위한 인터페이스 설계에 대해 연구할 필요성이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자동차 헤드업 디스플레이 기반의 총 4개의 제어권 전환 관련 디스플레이(기준 디스플레이, 미니맵 디스플레이, 화살표 디스플레이, 미니맵과 화살표 디스플레이)를 제안하였고, 제안된 디스플레이 대안들은 주행 시뮬레이터 실험을 통해 제어권 전환 수행 능력과 안구의 움직임 패턴, 그리고 사용자의 주관적 평가 측면에서 평가되었다. 또한 제안된 디스플레이 대안들에 대해 운전자들의 초기 신뢰도 값을 측정하여 각 디스플레이에 따른 운전자들의 평균 신뢰도 점수에 따라 제어권 전환 수행 능력과 안구의 움직임 패턴, 그리고 주관적 평가가 어떻게 달라지는지 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 제어권 전환 상황에서 자동화된 시스템이 제안하는 정보와 그와 관련된 주변 상황 정보를 함께 제시해 주는 디스플레이가 가장 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 또한 각 디스플레이에 대한 운전자의 초기 신뢰도 점수는 디스플레이의 실제 사용 행태와 밀접한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 신뢰도 점수에 따라 신뢰도가 높은 그룹과 낮은 그룹으로 분류되었고, 신뢰도가 높은 그룹은 제안된 디스플레이들이 보여주는 정보를 주로 믿고 따르는 경향이 있었던 반면, 신뢰도가 낮은 그룹은 룸 미러나 사이드 미러를 통해 주변 상황 정보를 더 확인 하는 경향을 보였다. 네 번째 연구는 전면 유리창에서의 인터랙티브 헤드업 디스플레이의 최적 위치를 결정하는 것으로서 주행 시뮬레이터 실험을 통해 디스플레이의 위치에 따라 운전자의 주행 수행 능력, 인터랙티브 디스플레이 조작 관련 과업 수행 능력, 시각적 주의 분산, 선호도, 그리고 작업 부하가 평가되었다. 헤드업 디스플레이의 위치는 전면 유리창에서 일정한 간격으로 총 9개의 위치가 고려되었다. 본 연구에서 활용된 인터랙티브 디스플레이는 음악 선택을 위한 스크롤 방식의 단일 디스플레이였고, 운전대에 장착된 버튼을 통해 디스플레이를 조작하였다. 실험 결과, 인터랙티브 헤드업 디스플레이의 위치가 모든 평가 척도, 즉 주행 수행 능력, 디스플레이 조작 과업 수행 능력, 시각적 주의 분산, 선호도, 그리고 작업 부하에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 모든 평가 지표를 고려했을 때, 인터랙티브 헤드업 디스플레이의 위치는 운전자가 똑바로 전방을 바라볼 때의 시야 구간, 즉 전면 유리창에서의 왼쪽 아래 부근이 가장 최적인 것으로 나타났다.Abstract i Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 8 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 11 Chapter 2 Functional Requirements of Automotive Head-Up Displays: A Systematic Review of Literature from 1994 to Present 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Method 15 2.3 Results 17 2.3.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 17 2.3.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 28 2.3.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 35 2.4 Discussion 39 2.4.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 39 2.4.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 44 2.4.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 48 Chapter 3 A Literature Review on Interface Design of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Communicating Safety-Related Information 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Method 52 3.3 Results 55 3.3.1 Commercial Automotive HUDs Presenting Safety-Related Information 55 3.3.2 Safety-Related HUDs Proposed by Academic Research 58 3.4 Discussion 74 Chapter 4 Development and Evaluation of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Take-Over Requests (TORs) in Highly Automated Vehicles 78 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Method 82 4.2.1 Participants 82 4.2.2 Apparatus 82 4.2.3 Automotive HUD-based TOR Displays 83 4.2.4 Driving Scenario 86 4.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 87 4.2.6 Experiment Variables 88 4.2.7 Statistical Analyses 91 4.3 Results 93 4.3.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 93 4.3.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 102 4.3.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 104 4.4 Discussion 113 4.4.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 113 4.4.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 116 4.4.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 117 4.5 Conclusion 119 Chapter 5 Human Factors Evaluation of Display Locations of an Interactive Scrolling List in a Full-windshield Automotive Head-Up Display System 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Method 122 5.2.1 Participants 122 5.2.2 Apparatus 123 5.2.3 Experimental Tasks and Driving Scenario 123 5.2.4 Experiment Variables 124 5.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 126 5.2.6 Statistical Analyses 126 5.3 Results 127 5.4 Discussion 133 5.5 Conclusion 135 Chapter 6 Conclusion 137 6.1 Summary and Implications 137 6.2 Future Research Directions 139 Bibliography 143 Apeendix A. Display Layouts of Some Commercial HUD Systems Appendix B. Safety-related Displays Provided by the Existing Commercial HUD Systems Appendix C. Safety-related HUD displays Proposed by Academic Research 국문초록 187Docto

Enhancing user experience and safety in the context of automated driving through uncertainty communication

Operators of highly automated driving systems may exhibit behaviour characteristic of overtrust issues due to an insufficient awareness of automation fallibility. Consequently, situation awareness in critical situations is reduced and safe driving performance following emergency takeovers is impeded. Previous research has indicated that conveying system uncertainties may alleviate these issues. However, existing approaches require drivers to attend the uncertainty information with focal attention, likely resulting in missed changes when engaged in non-driving-related tasks. This research project expands on existing work regarding uncertainty communication in the context of automated driving. Specifically, it aims to investigate the implications of conveying uncertainties under consideration of non-driving-related tasks and, based on the outcomes, develop and evaluate an uncertainty display that enhances both user experience and driving safety. In a first step, the impact of visually conveying uncertainties was investigated under consideration of workload, trust, monitoring behaviour, non-driving-related tasks, takeover performance, and situation awareness. For this, an anthropomorphic visual uncertainty display located in the instrument cluster was developed. While the hypothesised benefits for trust calibration and situation awareness were confirmed, the results indicate that visually conveying uncertainties leads to an increased perceived effort due to a higher frequency of monitoring glances. Building on these findings, peripheral awareness displays were explored as a means for conveying uncertainties without the need for focused attention to reduce monitoring glances. As a prerequisite for developing such a display, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify evaluation methods and criteria, which were then coerced into a comprehensive framework. Grounded in this framework, a peripheral awareness display for uncertainty communication was developed and subsequently compared with the initially proposed visual anthropomorphic uncertainty display in a driving simulator study. Eye tracking and subjective workload data indicate that the peripheral awareness display reduces the monitoring effort relative to the visual display, while driving performance and trust data highlight that the benefits of uncertainty communication are maintained. Further, this research project addresses the implications of increasing the functional detail of uncertainty information. Results of a driving simulator study indicate that particularly workload should be considered when increasing the functional detail of uncertainty information. Expanding upon this approach, an augmented reality display concept was developed and a set of visual variables was explored in a forced choice sorting task to assess their ordinal characteristics. Particularly changes in colour hue and animation-based variables received high preference ratings and were ordered consistently from low to high uncertainty. This research project has contributed a series of novel insights and ideas to the field of human factors in automated driving. It confirmed that conveying uncertainties improves trust calibration and situation awareness, but highlighted that using a visual display lessens the positive effects. Addressing this shortcoming, a peripheral awareness display was designed applying a dedicated evaluation framework. Compared with the previously employed visual display, it decreased monitoring glances and, consequentially, perceived effort. Further, an augmented reality-based uncertainty display concept was developed to minimise the workload increments associated with increases in the functional detail of uncertainty information.</div

From Manual Driving to Automated Driving: A Review of 10 Years of AutoUI

This paper gives an overview of the ten-year devel- opment of the papers presented at the International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutoUI) from 2009 to 2018. We categorize the topics into two main groups, namely, manual driving-related research and automated driving-related re- search. Within manual driving, we mainly focus on studies on user interfaces (UIs), driver states, augmented reality and head-up displays, and methodology; Within automated driv- ing, we discuss topics, such as takeover, acceptance and trust, interacting with road users, UIs, and methodology. We also discuss the main challenges and future directions for AutoUI and offer a roadmap for the research in this area.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153959/1/From Manual Driving to Automated Driving: A Review of 10 Years of AutoUI.pdfDescription of From Manual Driving to Automated Driving: A Review of 10 Years of AutoUI.pdf : Main articl

Exploration of smart infrastructure for drivers of autonomous vehicles

The connection between vehicles and infrastructure is an integral part of providing autonomous vehicles information about the environment. Autonomous vehicles need to be safe and users need to trust their driving decision. When smart infrastructure information is integrated into the vehicle, the driver needs to be informed in an understandable manner what the smart infrastructure detected. Nevertheless, interactions that benefit from smart infrastructure have not been the focus of research, leading to knowledge gaps in the integration of smart infrastructure information in the vehicle. For example, it is unclear, how the information from two complex systems can be presented, and if decisions are made, how these can be explained. Enriching the data of vehicles with information from the infrastructure opens unexplored opportunities. Smart infrastructure provides vehicles with information to predict traffic flow and traffic events. Additionally, it has information about traffic events in several kilometers distance and thus enables a look ahead on a traffic situation, which is not in the immediate view of drivers. We argue that this smart infrastructure information can be used to enhance the driving experience. To achieve this, we explore designing novel interactions, providing warnings and visualizations about information that is out of the view of the driver, and offering explanations for the cause of changed driving behavior of the vehicle. This thesis focuses on exploring the possibilities of smart infrastructure information with a focus on the highway. The first part establishes a design space for 3D in-car augmented reality applications that profit from smart infrastructure information. Through the input of two focus groups and a literature review, use cases are investigated that can be introduced in the vehicle's interaction interface which, among others, rely on environment information. From those, a design space that can be used to design novel in-car applications is derived. The second part explores out-of-view visualizations before and during take over requests to increase situation awareness. With three studies, different visualizations for out-of-view information are implemented in 2D, stereoscopic 3D, and augmented reality. Our results show that visualizations improve the situation awareness about critical events in larger distances during take over request situations. In the third part, explanations are designed for situations in which the vehicle drives unexpectedly due to unknown reasons. Since smart infrastructure could provide connected vehicles with out-of-view or cloud information, the driving maneuver of the vehicle might remain unclear to the driver. Therefore, we explore the needs of drivers in those situations and derive design recommendations for an interface which displays the cause for the unexpected driving behavior. This thesis answers questions about the integration of environment information in vehicles'. Three important aspects are explored, which are essential to consider when implementing use cases with smart infrastructure in mind. It enables to design novel interactions, provides insights on how out-of-view visualizations can improve the drivers' situation awareness and explores unexpected driving situations and the design of explanations for them. Overall, we have shown how infrastructure and connected vehicle information can be introduced in vehicles' user interface and how new technology such as augmented reality glasses can be used to improve the driver's perception of the environment.Autonome Fahrzeuge werden immer mehr in den alltäglichen Verkehr integriert. Die Verbindung von Fahrzeugen mit der Infrastruktur ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Bereitstellung von Umgebungsinformationen in autonome Fahrzeugen. Die Erweiterung der Fahrzeugdaten mit Informationen der Infrastruktur eröffnet ungeahnte Möglichkeiten. Intelligente Infrastruktur übermittelt verbundenen Fahrzeugen Informationen über den prädizierten Verkehrsfluss und Verkehrsereignisse. Zusätzlich können Verkehrsgeschehen in mehreren Kilometern Entfernung übermittelt werden, wodurch ein Vorausblick auf einen Bereich ermöglicht wird, der für den Fahrer nicht unmittelbar sichtbar ist. Mit dieser Dissertation wird gezeigt, dass Informationen der intelligenten Infrastruktur benutzt werden können, um das Fahrerlebnis zu verbessern. Dies kann erreicht werden, indem innovative Interaktionen gestaltet werden, Warnungen und Visualisierungen über Geschehnisse außerhalb des Sichtfelds des Fahrers vermittelt werden und indem Erklärungen über den Grund eines veränderten Fahrzeugverhaltens untersucht werden. Interaktionen, welche von intelligenter Infrastruktur profitieren, waren jedoch bisher nicht im Fokus der Forschung. Dies führt zu Wissenslücken bezüglich der Integration von intelligenter Infrastruktur in das Fahrzeug. Diese Dissertation exploriert die Möglichkeiten intelligenter Infrastruktur, mit einem Fokus auf die Autobahn. Der erste Teil erstellt einen Design Space für Anwendungen von augmentierter Realität (AR) in 3D innerhalb des Autos, die unter anderem von Informationen intelligenter Infrastruktur profitieren. Durch das Ergebnis mehrerer Studien werden Anwendungsfälle in einem Katalog gesammelt, welche in die Interaktionsschnittstelle des Autos einfließen können. Diese Anwendungsfälle bauen unter anderem auf Umgebungsinformationen. Aufgrund dieser Anwendungen wird der Design Space entwickelt, mit Hilfe dessen neuartige Anwendungen für den Fahrzeuginnenraum entwickelt werden können. Der zweite Teil exploriert Visualisierungen für Verkehrssituationen, die außerhalb des Sichtfelds des Fahrers sind. Es wird untersucht, ob durch diese Visualisierungen der Fahrer besser auf ein potentielles Übernahmeszenario vorbereitet wird. Durch mehrere Studien wurden verschiedene Visualisierungen in 2D, stereoskopisches 3D und augmentierter Realität implementiert, die Szenen außerhalb des Sichtfelds des Fahrers darstellen. Diese Visualisierungen verbessern das Situationsbewusstsein über kritische Szenarien in einiger Entfernung während eines Übernahmeszenarios. Im dritten Teil werden Erklärungen für Situationen gestaltet, in welchen das Fahrzeug ein unerwartetes Fahrmanöver ausführt. Der Grund des Fahrmanövers ist dem Fahrer dabei unbekannt. Mit intelligenter Infrastruktur verbundene Fahrzeuge erhalten Informationen, die außerhalb des Sichtfelds des Fahrers liegen oder von der Cloud bereit gestellt werden. Dadurch könnte der Grund für das unerwartete Fahrverhalten unklar für den Fahrer sein. Daher werden die Bedürfnisse des Fahrers in diesen Situationen erforscht und Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung einer Schnittstelle, die Erklärungen für das unerwartete Fahrverhalten zur Verfügung stellt, abgeleitet. Zusammenfassend wird gezeigt wie Daten der Infrastruktur und Informationen von verbundenen Fahrzeugen in die Nutzerschnittstelle des Fahrzeugs implementiert werden können. Zudem wird aufgezeigt, wie innovative Technologien wie AR Brillen, die Wahrnehmung der Umgebung des Fahrers verbessern können. Durch diese Dissertation werden Fragen über Anwendungsfälle für die Integration von Umgebungsinformationen in Fahrzeugen beantwortet. Drei wichtige Themengebiete wurden untersucht, welche bei der Betrachtung von Anwendungsfällen der intelligenten Infrastruktur essentiell sind. Durch diese Arbeit wird die Gestaltung innovativer Interaktionen ermöglicht, Einblicke in Visualisierungen von Informationen außerhalb des Sichtfelds des Fahrers gegeben und es wird untersucht, wie Erklärungen für unerwartete Fahrsituationen gestaltet werden können

Evaluation of variables for the communication of uncertainties using peripheral awareness displays

The communication of system uncertainties may be key for overcoming challenges related to overtrust in automated driving. Existing approaches are limited to conveying uncertainties using visual displays in the instrument cluster. This requires operators to regularly monitor the display in order to perceive changes which impedes the execution of nondriving related tasks and thereby degrades the user experience. This study evaluates variables for the communication of uncertainties using peripheral awareness displays, considering changes in brightness, hue, position, size, pulse frequency, and movement speed. All variables were assessed in terms of how well participants can distinguish different instances, how logical they are, and how interrupting to a secondary task. With the exception of changes in position, all variables were ranked highly in terms of logic while changes in pulse frequency were perceived as most interrupting. The results inform the development of unobtrusive interfaces for uncertainty communication

Driver Trust in Automated Driving Systems

Vehicle automation is a prominent example of safety-critical AI-based task automation. Recent digital innovations have led to the introduction of partial vehicle automation, which can already give vehicle drivers a sense of what fully automated driving would feel like. In the context of current imperfect vehicle automation, establishing an appropriate level of driver trust in automated driving systems (ADS) is seen as a key factor for their safe use and long-term acceptance. This paper thoroughly reviews and synthesizes the literature on driver trust in ADS, covering a wide range of academic disciplines. Pulling together knowledge on trustful user interaction with ADS, this paper offers a first classification of the main trust calibrators. Guided by this analysis, the paper identifies a lack of studies on adaptive, contextual trust calibration in contrast to numerous studies that focus on general trust calibration

Human-centered User Interfaces for Automated Driving – (Un-)exploited Potentials

Designing user interfaces for (highly) automated driving is a complex task since users vary considerably regarding their needs and preferences. Therefore, a one-size-fits-all approach will not be sufficient for designing these interfaces. Thus, in this paper we aim to identify unexploited potentials in this area. We do so by performing a systematic literature review. Our contributions are 1) a systematization of human-centered user interface design for automated driving in four key aspects, 2) the research intensity per aspect, 3) the unexploited potential within each aspect and 4) the potentials of the relations between them. Concretely, current research lacks frameworks supporting the customization of the named interfaces based on user characteristics. Among others, personalization of displayed information shows unexploited potentials for acceptance and usability. Thus, we recommend future research to focus on human-centricity accounting for individual needs instead of the interface itself