66,220 research outputs found
Characterization of Zero-Bias Microwave Diode Power Detectors at Cryogenic Temperature
We present the characterization of commercial tunnel diode low-level
microwave power detectors at room and cryogenic temperatures. The sensitivity
as well as the output voltage noise of the tunnel diodes are measured as
functions of the applied microwave power, the signal frequency being 10 GHz. We
highlight strong variations of the diode characteristics when the applied
microwave power is higher than few microwatt. For a diode operating at K,
the differential gain increases from V/W to about V/W when
the power passes from dBm to dBm. The diode present a white
noise floor equivalent to a NEP of pW/ and
pW/ at 4 K and 300 K respectively. Its flicker noise is
equivalent to a relative amplitude noise power spectral density
~dB/Hz at K. Flicker noise is 10 dB
higher at room temperature.Comment: 8 pages and 16 figure
The effect of AM noise on correlation phase noise measurements
We analyze the phase-noise measurement methods in which correlation and
averaging is used to reject the background noise of the instrument. All the
known methods make use of a mixer, used either as a saturated phase detector or
as a linear synchronous detector. Unfortunately, AM noise is taken in through
the power-to-dc-offset conversion mechanism that results from the mixer
asymmetry. The measurement of some mixers indicates that the unwanted
amplitude-to-voltage gain is of the order of 5-50 mV, which is 12-35 dB lower
than the phase-to-voltage gain of the mixer. In addition, the trick of setting
the mixer at a sweet point -- off the quadrature condition -- where the
sensitivity to AM nulls, works only with microwave mixers. The HF-VHF mixers
have not this sweet point. Moreover, we prove that if the AM noise comes from
the oscillator under test, it can not be rejected by correlation. At least not
with the schemes currently used. An example shows that at some critical
frequencies the unwanted effect of AM noise is of the same order -- if not
greater -- than the phase noise. Thus, experimental mistakes are around the
corner.Comment: 16 pages, list of symbols, 8 figures, 27 reference
Snow stratigraphic heterogeneity within ground-based passive microwave radiometer footprints: implications for emission modeling
Two-dimensional measurements of snowpack properties (stratigraphic layering, density, grain size and temperature) were used as inputs to the multi-layer Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) microwave emission model at a centimeter-scale horizontal resolution, across a 4.5 m transect of ground-based passive microwave radiometer footprints near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Snowpack stratigraphy was complex (between six and eight layers) with only three layers extending continuously throughout the length of the transect. Distributions of one-dimensional simulations, accurately representing complex stratigraphic layering, were evaluated using measured brightness temperatures. Large biases (36 to 68 K) between simulated and measured brightness temperatures were minimized (-0.5 to 0.6 K), within measurement accuracy, through application of grain scaling factors (2.6 to 5.3) at different combinations of frequencies, polarizations and model extinction coefficients. Grain scaling factors compensated for uncertainty relating optical SSA to HUT effective grain size inputs and quantified relative differences in scattering and absorption properties of various extinction coefficients. The HUT model required accurate representation of ice lenses, particularly at horizontal polarization, and large grain scaling factors highlighted the need to consider microstructure beyond the size of individual grains. As variability of extinction coefficients was strongly influenced by the proportion of large (hoar) grains in a vertical profile, it is important to consider simulations from distributions of one-dimensional profiles rather than single profiles, especially in sub-Arctic snowpacks where stratigraphic variability can be high. Model sensitivity experiments suggested the level of error in field measurements and the new methodological framework used to apply them in a snow emission model were satisfactory. Layer amalgamation showed a three-layer representation of snowpack stratigraphy reduced the bias of a one-layer representation by about 50%
Sensing electric fields using single diamond spins
The ability to sensitively detect charges under ambient conditions would be a
fascinating new tool benefitting a wide range of researchers across
disciplines. However, most current techniques are limited to low-temperature
methods like single-electron transistors (SET), single-electron electrostatic
force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy. Here we open up a new
quantum metrology technique demonstrating precision electric field measurement
using a single nitrogen-vacancy defect centre(NV) spin in diamond. An AC
electric field sensitivity reaching ~ 140V/cm/\surd Hz has been achieved. This
corresponds to the electric field produced by a single elementary charge
located at a distance of ~ 150 nm from our spin sensor with averaging for one
second. By careful analysis of the electronic structure of the defect centre,
we show how an applied magnetic field influences the electric field sensing
properties. By this we demonstrate that diamond defect centre spins can be
switched between electric and magnetic field sensing modes and identify
suitable parameter ranges for both detector schemes. By combining magnetic and
electric field sensitivity, nanoscale detection and ambient operation our study
opens up new frontiers in imaging and sensing applications ranging from
material science to bioimaging
Measurement and Calibration of A High-Sensitivity Microwave Power Sensor with An Attenuator
In this paper, measurement and calibration of a high-sensitivity microwave power sensor through an attenuator is performed using direct comparison transfer technique. To provide reliable results, a mathematical model previously derived using signal flow graphs together with non-touching loop rule analysis for the measurement estimate (i.e. calibration factor) and its uncertainty evaluation is comparatively investigated. The investigation is carried out through the analysis of physical measurement processes, and consistent mathematical model is observed. Later, an example of Type-N (up to 18 GHz) application is used to demonstrate its calibration and measurement capability
Investigation of remote sensing techniques of measuring soil moisture
Major activities described include development and evaluation of theoretical models that describe both active and passive microwave sensing of soil moisture, the evaluation of these models for their applicability, the execution of a controlled field experiment during which passive microwave measurements were acquired to validate these models, and evaluation of previously acquired aircraft microwave measurements. The development of a root zone soil water and soil temperature profile model and the calibration and evaluation of gamma ray attenuation probes for measuring soil moisture profiles are considered. The analysis of spatial variability of soil information as related to remote sensing is discussed as well as the implementation of an instrumented field site for acquisition of soil moisture and meteorologic information for use in validating the soil water profile and soil temperature profile models
Spatio-temporal influence of tundra snow properties on Ku-band (17.2 GHz) backscatter
During the 2010/11 boreal winter, a distributed set of backscatter measurements was collected using a ground-based Ku-band (17.2 GHz) scatterometer system at 26 open tundra sites. A standard snow-sampling procedure was completed after each scan to evaluate local variability in snow layering, depth, density and water equivalent (SWE) within the scatterometer field of view. The shallow depths and large basal depth hoar encountered presented an opportunity to evaluate backscatter under a set of previously untested conditions. Strong Ku-band response was found with increasing snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE). In particular, co-polarized vertical backscatter increased by 0.82 dB for every 1 cm increase in SWE (R2 = 0.62). While the result indicated strong potential for Ku-band retrieval of shallow snow properties, it did not characterize the influence of sub-scan variability. An enhanced snow-sampling procedure was introduced to generate detailed characterizations of stratigraphy within the scatterometer field of view using near-infrared photography along the length of a 5m trench. Changes in snow properties along the trench were used to discuss variations in the collocated backscatter response. A pair of contrasting observation sites was used to highlight uncertainties in backscatter response related to short length scale spatial variability in the observed tundra environment
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