Decision Analysis Linguistic Framework

Everyday human beings are faced with situations they should choose among different alternatives by means of reasoning and mental processes when solving a problem. Many of these decision problems are under uncertain environments including vague, imprecise and subjective information that is usually modeled by linguistic information due to the use of natural language and its relation to mental reasoning processes of the experts when expressing their judgments. In a decision process multiple criteria can be evaluated which involving multiple experts with different degrees of knowledge. Such process can be modeled by using Multi-granular Linguistic Information (MGLI) and Computing with Words (CW) processes to solve the related decision problems. Different methodologies and approaches have been proposed to accomplish this process in an accurate and interpretable way. In this paper we propose a useful Decision Analysis Framework to manage this kind of problems by using the Extended Linguistic Hierarchy (ELH), 2-tuples linguistic representation model and its computational method. The developed Framework has many advantages when dealing with a complex problem in a simple way and its capability of having easy and useful reasonably results.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Decision Analysis Linguistic Framework

Everyday human beings are faced with situations they should choose among different alternatives by means of reasoning and mental processes when solving a problem. Many of these decision problems are under uncertain environments including vague, imprecise and subjective information that is usually modeled by linguistic information due to the use of natural language and its relation to mental reasoning processes of the experts when expressing their judgments. In a decision process multiple criteria can be evaluated which involving multiple experts with different degrees of knowledge. Such process can be modeled by using Multi-granular Linguistic Information (MGLI) and Computing with Words (CW) processes to solve the related decision problems. Different methodologies and approaches have been proposed to accomplish this process in an accurate and interpretable way. In this paper we propose a useful Decision Analysis Framework to manage this kind of problems by using the Extended Linguistic Hierarchy (ELH), 2-tuples linguistic representation model and its computational method. The developed Framework has many advantages when dealing with a complex problem in a simple way and its capability of having easy and useful reasonably results.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Multicore and FPGA implementations of emotional-based agent architectures

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-014-1307-6.Control architectures based on Emotions are becoming promising solutions for the implementation of future robotic agents. The basic controllers of the architecture are the emotional processes that decide which behaviors of the robot must activate to fulfill the objectives. The number of emotional processes increases (hundreds of millions/s) with the complexity level of the application, reducing the processing capacity of the main processor to solve complex problems (millions of decisions in a given instant). However, the potential parallelism of the emotional processes permits their execution in parallel on FPGAs or Multicores, thus enabling slack computing in the main processor to tackle more complex dynamic problems. In this paper, an emotional architecture for mobile robotic agents is presented. The workload of the emotional processes is evaluated. Then, the main processor is extended with FPGA co-processors through Ethernet link. The FPGAs will be in charge of the execution of the emotional processes in parallel. Different Stratix FPGAs are compared to analyze their suitability to cope with the proposed mobile robotic agent applications. The applications are set up taking into account different environmental conditions, robot dynamics and emotional states. Moreover, the applications are run also on Multicore processors to compare their performance in relation to the FPGAs. Experimental results show that Stratix IV FPGA increases the performance in about one order of magnitude over the main processor and solves all the considered problems. Quad-Core increases the performance in 3.64 times, allowing to tackle about 89 % of the considered problems. Quad-Core has a lower cost than a Stratix IV, so more adequate solution but not for the most complex application. Stratix III could be applied to solve problems with around the double of the requirements that the main processor could support. Finally, a Dual-Core provides slightly better performance than stratix III and it is relatively cheaper.This work was supported in part under Spanish Grant PAID/2012/325 of "Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion y Desarrollo. Proyectos multidisciplinares", Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Domínguez Montagud, CP.; Hassan Mohamed, H.; Crespo, A.; Albaladejo Meroño, J. (2015). Multicore and FPGA implementations of emotional-based agent architectures. Journal of Supercomputing. 71(2):479-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-014-1307-6S479507712Malfaz M, Salichs MA (2010) Using MUDs as an experimental platform for testing a decision making system for self-motivated autonomous agents. Artif Intell Simul Behav J 2(1):21–44Damiano L, Cañamero L (2010) Constructing emotions. 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Arquitectura de Agente Emocional para Aplicaciones de Control en Tiempo Real

Tesis por compendioArtificial agents are a technology suitable for solving problems. Agents can perform tasks that their users cannot and/or do not want to accomplish. Agents are systems with a significant degree of autonomy. Even being autonomous in their behavior, they assume the users' goals as their own goals, because there is an agreement between the agent and the user. It is a powerful technology, and the research on this field is very active. As agents are complex systems, it is necessary to define development frameworks that facilitate their conception, design and construction. We name these frameworks, artificial agent architectures. Each architecture is characterized by a few key ideas related to the way the agent represents its knowledge about the world, and how it organizes its behavior. We call these key ideas a paradigm. In this work, an artificial agent's architecture is proposed. In this architecture the organization of the behavior is emotionally driven. It is a bio-inspired architecture. The emotion in this case, however, is a very simplified version of the emotional process in the natural emotional agents. Although other agent architectures based on emotions have been proposed, they have been usually focused on the social skills of the agents, normally to interact with people. This situation could have been caused due to the knowledge we had about the importance of the emotion in the social relations between human beings, when people recognize the internal state of the others, or show their own internal states, and the emotional communication influences their behavior. However, the fundamental role of the emotion in a wide range of cognitive processes is being recognized because of the recent research in psychology and neuroscience. Emotions seem to make an essential contribution in processes such as perception, learning, memory, decision-making and problem solving. Deliberative rational thoughts themselves would be directed by emotions. Given this new view about the emotion, in this thesis, we have investigated the role of the emotions in the cognitive processes of an artificial agent, related them to the general decision making problem, not just the social interaction problem. As an example, in the application considered as a case study in this project, the emotional agent controls a mobile robot platform, in which there is not an important behavior layer of social interaction, and the emotional processes primarily motivate behaviors related to problems in a physical environment, with objects, parts, or areas of operation and navigation. In this thesis, we have defined a specification for the proposed emotional agent architecture, and have discussed the implementation aspects of it.Los agentes artificiales constituyen una tecnología de apoyo para la resolución de problemas. Un agente es un sistema con un grado significativo de autonomía, lo que le permite descargar a su usuario de tareas que éste no puede o no quiere realizar. Aun siendo autónomo en sus comportamientos, el agente asume los objetivos de su usuario como propios, ya que existe un contrato entre el agente y su representado. Se trata de una tecnología potente y que interesa desarrollar, con lo que el área de investigación en agentes está abierta y hay un esfuerzo continuo para construir agentes con cada vez mejores prestaciones. Siendo los agentes sistemas complejos, resulta necesario definir marcos de desarrollo que permitan concebirlos, diseñarlos y construirlos. Conocemos a estos marcos como arquitecturas de agentes artificiales. Cada una de estas arquitecturas se caracteriza por ciertas ideas clave, relacionadas con la forma en que el agente representa su conocimiento y organiza su comportamiento, en lo que se denomina un paradigma. Sin duda, queda mucho recorrido en este campo - ampliando por ejemplo las áreas de aplicación, o permitiendo funcionalidades adicionales, o aumentando la eficiencia de los procesos implicados, tanto en lo relativo al comportamiento del agente cuando éste está en explotación, como durante el propio proceso de construcción y validación del sistema. En este trabajo se propone una arquitectura de agente artificial en el que la organización del comportamiento está dirigida por un proceso emocional. Se trata de una arquitectura bio-inspirada. La emoción en este caso, sin embargo, es una versión muy simplificada del proceso emocional en los agentes emocionales naturales. Aunque se han definido otras arquitecturas de agentes artificiales basadas en emociones, han sido enfocadas, sobre todo, a construir agentes con habilidades sociales; normalmente para interactuar con las personas. Posiblemente esto ha sido debido a que ya hace mucho que se aceptaba la importancia de la emoción en las relaciones sociales entre los seres humanos; cuando éstos interpretan el estado interno de los demás o expresan su propio estado, alterando con ello sus comportamientos. Sin embargo, el papel fundamental de la emoción en un amplio espectro de procesos cognitivos está siendo reconocido a raíz de la investigación en psicología y neurología. Las emociones parecen contribuir de forma esencial en procesos como la percepción, el aprendizaje, la memoria, la toma de decisiones o la resolución de problemas. El propio pensamiento deliberativo racional estaría dirigido por las emociones. Teniendo en cuenta esta nueva visión de las emociones, en este trabajo se ha investigado el rol de la emoción en los procesos cognitivos de un agente artificial relacionados con la toma de decisiones en general, no sólo en lo relativo a los procesos de interrelación social. Así por ejemplo, en la aplicación considerada como caso de estudio de este trabajo, el agente emocional controla una plataforma de robot móvil de servicio, en la que no hay una capa de comportamiento social importante, y donde los procesos emocionales motivan fundamentalmente los comportamientos relacionados con problemas surgidos en un entorno físico, con objetos, piezas, o espacios de operación y navegación. En esta tesis se define una especificación para la arquitectura de agente emocional artificial propuesta y se discute aspectos de implementación de dicha arquitectura.Els agents artificials constitueixen una tecnologia de suport per a la resolució de problemes. Un agent és un sistema amb un grau significatiu d'autonomia, el que li permet descarregar al seu usuari de tasques que aquest no pot o no vol fer. Fins i tot sent autònom en els seus comportaments, l'agent assumeix els objectius del seu usuari com a propis, ja que hi ha un contracte entre l'agent i el seu representat. Es tracta d'una tecnologia potent i que interessa desenvolupar, de manera que l'àrea de recerca en agents està oberta i hi ha un esforç continu per construir agents amb cada vegada millors prestacions. Sent els agents sistemes complexos, resulta necessari definir marcs de desenvolupament que puguen permetre concebre'ls, dissenyar-los i construir-los. Coneixem a aquests marcs com arquitectures d'agents artificials. Cadascuna d'aquestes arquitectures es caracteritza per certes idees clau, relacionades amb la forma en què l'agent representa el seu coneixement i organitza el seu comportament, en el que s'anomena un paradigma. Sens dubte, queda molt de recorregut en aquest camp - ampliant les àrees d'aplicació, o permetent funcionalitats addicionals, o augmentant l'eficiència dels processos implicats, tant pel que fa al comportament de l'agent quan aquest està en explotació, com durant el mateix procés de construcció i validació del sistema. En aquest treball es proposa una arquitectura d'agent artificial en què l'organització del comportament està dirigida per un procés emocional. Es tracta d'una arquitectura bio-inspirada. L'emoció en aquest cas, però, és una versió molt simplificada del procés emocional en els agents emocionals naturals. Tot i que s'han definit altres arquitectures d'agents artificials basades en emocions, han estat enfocades, sobretot, a construir agents amb habilitats socials; normalment per interactuar amb les persones. Possiblement això ha segut perquè ja fa molt que s'acceptava la importància de l'emoció en les relacions socials entre els éssers humans; quan aquests interpreten l'estat intern dels altres o expressen el seu propi estat, alterant amb això els seus comportaments. No obstant això, el paper fonamental de l'emoció en un ampli espectre de processos cognitius està sent reconegut arran de la investigació en psicologia i neurologia. Les emocions semblen contribuir de forma essencial en processos com la percepció, l'aprenentatge, la memòria, la presa de decisions o la resolució de problemes. El mateix pensament deliberatiu racional estaria dirigit per les emocions. Tenint en compte aquesta nova visió de les emocions, en aquest treball s'ha investigat el paper de l'emoció en els processos cognitius d'un agent artificial relacionats amb la presa de decisions en general, no només pel que fa als processos d'interrelació social. Així per exemple, en l'aplicació considerada com a cas d'estudi d'aquest treball, l'agent emocional controla una plataforma de robot mòbil de servei, en què no hi ha una capa de comportament social important, i on els processos emocionals motiven fonamentalment els comportaments relacionats amb problemes sorgits en un entorn físic, amb objectes, peces, o espais d'operació i navegació. En aquesta tesi es defineix una especificació per a l'arquitectura d'agent emocional artificial proposta i es discuteixen aspectes d'implementació de la arquitectura.Domínguez Montagud, CP. (2017). Arquitectura de Agente Emocional para Aplicaciones de Control en Tiempo Real [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86223TESISCompendi

Modelo para determinar el estado de un sistema de información de tipo académico: un análisis multicriterio

La presente tesis enfrenta uno de los retos más importantes que tienen los administradores de sistemas de información de tipo académico, al momento de evaluar estos sistemas en periodo de post-implementación. Para lo cual se propone un modelo jerárquico con el cual evaluar el estado de sistemas de información de este tipo, a partir de las variables y los estados que definen sus características generales. Para la conformación del modelo, inicialmente, se realizó un estudio de investigación cualitativa, a partir de la aplicación de la teoría fundamentada, con el fin de identificar los criterios claves que deben ser tenidos en cuenta. Después se realizó una revisión teórica con el fin de identificar los estados por los cuales puede pasar un sistema de información en etapa de post-implementación y finalmente se estableció la relación entre los criterios y los estados a partir de la aplicación del Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP), para la conformación final del modelo. El documento, también propone AHP como una técnica con la cual implementar el modelo, para lo cual presenta una aplicación del mismo en un sistema de información específico, que permitió validar la efectividad del modeloAbstract. This thesis addresses one of the most important challenges that academic information systems administrators face when they want to evaluate their systems in a postimplementation period. It is proposed a hierarchical model which can be used to assess the current state of an academic information system from the variables and states which define their general characteristics. To form the model, initially a qualitative research was conducted, based on the application of grounded theory, in order to identify key criteria to be taken into account. Then, it was made a theoretical review in order to identify the states through which an information system could pass in a post-implementation period and finally the relationship between the criteria and states were established from the application of the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) for shaping the final model. The document also proposes AHP as a technique to implement the model and presents an application in a specific information system, to validate the effectiveness of the model.Maestrí

Multi-objective optimisation of dynamic short-term credit portfolio selection :the adoption of third party logistics credit for financing working capital contrained small and medium sized enterprises in supply chains

PhD ThesisMany companies, especially small and medium sized enterprises, are faced with liquidity problems. The shortage of working capital in their businesses has prevented supply chains from achieving effectiveness and efficiency in management. Although they can access short-term loans from banks and suppliers, the willingness of these credit lenders to lend short-term capital is often restricted by the fact that they cannot monitor whether or how their customers will use the loans according to the agreements. In many cases, this fact makes it difficult for capitalconstrained companies to obtain sufficient working capital from existing funding sources. A business practice called Integrated Logistics and Financial Service has been developed, which can improve banks’ monitoring of how their loans will eventually be used via the alliance of third party logistics companies and banks. The emergence of credit offered by third party logistics companies (termed as 3PLC) provides more choices for working capital constrained companies. Following on traditional bank overdrafts and trade credit, the new 3PLC became the third type of credit available to short-term working capital constrained companies. A new issue arising from this situation is how a working capital constrained company can determine a credit portfolio from multiple working capital sources. Current studies of credit portfolio management are still silent in considering 3PLC. Moreover, limited studies have integrated credit portfolio management into material flow management in supply chains. In light of the aforementioned discussions, this thesis aims to optimise dynamic credit portfolio management in supply chains to achieve the different business objectives of working capital constrained companies. To achieve the above aims, this thesis firstly applies an analytic hierarchy process and linear programming model to optimise a single objective. It applies the analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the concerns of working capital-constrained companies in selecting credit. These concerns are identified through a thorough literature review focusing on the considerations of small and medium sized enterprises’ in borrowing short-term credit. The analytic hierarchy process has been applied to determine the priority of the identified concerns and the preferences of borrowers for bank overdrafts, trade credit and 3PLC. A linear programming model has been developed based on the results obtained from the analytic hierarchy process model. It determines the maximum borrowing amount for a given period from multiple credit sources. To reflect the complexity of working capital constrained companies borrowing credit, thisthesis has extended the model from single objective optimisation to multiple objectives optimisation. Consequently, a goal-programming model has been developed. This model provides the solution of optimizing two business objectives including overall cost and backorder penalty cost minimization. Numerical examples have been conducted to test and analyse all the mathematical models. This thesis contributes the following aspects: 1) the new 3PLC together with bank overdraft and trade credit have been considered into credit portfolio management; 2) borrower’s concerns and credit preferences relating to the three types of credit have been identified and evaluated; 3) mathematical models have been developed for credit portfolio selection over multiple periods

Productos agroalimentarios e identidad del territorio: un modelo de decisión para orientar la selección de sellos de origen

En la implantación de un sello de origen (denominaciones de origen y otros) existe un riesgo significativo de fracaso cuando los requisitos exigidos por los sistemas de registro son el único argumento para decidir el sello a establecer. A partir de diferentes evidencias empíricas, este trabajo considera que el éxito de una estrategia de diferenciación basada en un sello de origen se puede ver condicionado por las dinámicas territoriales. Los factores relativos a estas dinámicas se concentran en las capacidades de acción colectiva local, como elemento central de toda estrategia de desarrollo territorial; en estos casos, dichas capacidades resultan imprescindibles para la adecuada gestión y uso del sello, como condición necesaria para poder alcanzar éxito comercial con el mismo. La posible falta de percepción de esta necesidad por parte de los decisores podría estar generando ineficiencias a la hora de seleccionar el sello más adecuado a las condiciones particulares de cada producto/territorio. Por tanto, la solución de esta eventual carencia presentaría especial relevancia para productos/territorios de países en los que aún no existe experiencia acumulada. El objetivo general de esta tesis es construir y validar un modelo que permita identificar en qué medida los promotores y otros actores implicados en la decisión de implantación de un sello de calidad con mención al origen perciben la importancia de las dinámicas territoriales como condicionante previo para garantizar mínimamente el éxito de la estrategia. Para alcanzar este objetivo se ha elaborado un modelo de orientación a la toma de decisiones, basado en el método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), que incorpora tres grupos de criterios a considerar, entre los que se incluyen como aportación original los relativos a las dinámicas territoriales. La aplicabilidad del modelo se ha comprobado en tres productos típicos de Colombia. Tal aplicación se base en el cálculo de funciones de utilidad a partir de los coeficientes del modelo genérico, y utiliza una serie de índices que expresan las características particulares de esos productos/territorios. Esta aplicación empírica ha permitido identificar el sello más apropiado para cada caso analizado. Entre las principales conclusiones de la Tesis cabe destacar las siguientes: 1) la dimensión de dinámicas territoriales alcanza una importancia próxima al 20%, para el conjunto de los consultados, lo que se considera bastante relevante; 2) el juicio sobre la importancia de las características de dinámica territorial es mucho más claro y compacto entre los académicos que entre los profesionales consultados; 3) los profesionales vinculados a los sellos parecen compartir una “jerarquía invisible” entre los sellos que podría explicarse por su cotidiana necesidad de enfrentarse a exigencias administrativas y comerciales; 4) la “jerarquía invisible” que comparten los profesionales establece una prelación fuerte entre ...In the implementation of origin labels (PDO and others), a significant risk of failure does exist when the requirements of registration systems are the only argument to decide the label to be established Different empirical evidence, this work considers that the success of a differentiation strategy based on an origin label can see conditioned by territorial dynamics. Factors relating to these dynamics capabilities are concentrated in local collective actions, as a core element of a territorial development strategy; in these cases these skills are essential for the adequate management and use of the label, as a necessary condition to be able to reach commercial success. The possible lack of perception of this need by decision makers could be generating inefficiencies in selecting the most appropriate to the particular conditions of each product/territory. Therefore, the eventual solution of this lack has particular relevance for products/territories of countries where there is not yet accumulated experience The overall objective of this thesis is to build and validate a model that identifies what extent developers and others involved actors in the decision to implement a quality label with references to the origin perceive the importance of territorial dynamics as a prior condition for ensuring minimally successful strategy. To achieve this goal we have developed a model of guidance to decision making based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process –AHP- method, incorporating three sets of criteria to be considered among those included as original contribution relative to the territorial dynamics. The usability of the model was tested in three typical products from Colombia. Such application it is based on the calculation of utility functions from the coefficients of the generic model, and uses a series of indices that express the particular characteristics of their products/territories, in this application Empirical has identified the most appropriate label for each case analyzed. Among the main conclusions of the thesis is worth noting the following: 1) the dimension of territorial dynamics reaches a value close to 20 percent for all respondents, what is considered quite relevant; 2) judgment on the importance of territorial dynamic characteristics is much more clear and compact among academics than among professionals consulted. 3) professionals linked to the origin labels to share an “invisible hierarchy” of labels that could be explained by their daily need to deal with administrative and commercial quarter demands; 4) the “invisible hierarchy” established between professionals..