MBMS—IP Multicast/Broadcast in 3G Networks

In this article, the Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS) as standardized in 3GPP is presented. With MBMS, multicast and broadcast capabilities are introduced into cellular networks. After an introduction into MBMS technology, MBMS radio bearer realizations are presented. Different MBMS bearer services like broadcast mode, enhanced broadcast mode and multicast mode are discussed. Streaming and download services over MBMS are presented and supported media codecs are listed. Service layer components as defined in Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) are introduced. For a Mobile TV use case capacity improvements achieved by MBMS are shown. Finally, evolution of MBMS as part of 3GPP standardization is presented

Evaluation of channel switching threshold for MBMS in UMTS networks

In this project, thershold to switching from dedicated to shared/common channel for efficent delivery of MBMS serveces have been evaluated. It also been evaluated the coverage using multiple channer in function of the distribution of the user

International Law and Policy Considerations for Shipping\u27s Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation

This report investigates the international law and policy challenges to the determination of the international shipping industry\u27s contribution to climate change mitigation efforts through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations and the competent intergovernmental organization with respect to shipping in international law. The report sets out the international legal framework that serves as context for the IMO efforts, the challenge of regulating greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping and the process and issues in determining the industry\u27s \u27fair share\u27 of mitigation efforts and potential legal pathways. The report concludes with general, policy and legal considerations that have a bearing on the current and possible future directions of the nascent IMO strategy and potential legal pathways

Use of the molecular beam mass spectrometry to study the low-temperature combustion chemistry.

With the aim to reduce the global pollution caused by the increasing levels of NOx, CO and CO2 emitted by internal combustion engines, the study of low-temperature chemistry (LTC) of the combustion process has been greatly enhanced. The goal of this thesis work is to evaluate the performances of the time-of-flight Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MBMS) in the analysis of the oxidation of propane at low temperature with strong interest in the detection of fleeting species to verify the low-temperature oxidation mechanism. To do that we performed two different experiments: propane oxidation in jet stirred reactor and ozone activated cool diffusion flame in a counterflow setup. The first was carried out flowing a mixture of C3H8/O2/Ar with molar fraction 2/13/85%, respectively, corresponding to a equals to 0.77, in the temperature range 750-1100 K and residence time τ=1 s. To support the results obtained from MBMS, we analyzed the propane oxidation in the same conditions with the gas chromatograph (GC) technique. The results have been compared with the MBMS ones showing good agreement for most of the analysed species. Numerical simulations of the molar fraction of all species were performed and compared with experimental data. The results indicate that the model well predicts the trends of the molar fraction of the species, except for C2H2 and the allyl radical. The onset of the reaction is predicted at a lower temperature than in the experiment. In cool flame experiments the fuel/N2 and O2/O3 streams are facing each other and both propane and n-butane were used as fuel. In propane experiments a 50/50% C3H8/N2 mixture has been used with O2 flow rate of 5 dm3/min, which corresponds to an ozone concentration of 5.94%. For n-butane tests the mixture used was 45/55% for C4H10/N2, O2 flow rate 7 dm3/min and ozone concentration of 5.02%. Numerical analysis was performed showing a good prediction of flame position and species profiles through the reaction zone

Indoor Radio Measurement and Planning for UMTS/HSPDA with Antennas

Over the last decade, mobile communication networks have evolved tremendously with a key focus on providing high speed data services in addition to voice. The third generation of mobile networks in the form of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is already offering revolutionary mobile broadband experience to its users by deploying High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) as its packet-data technology. With data speeds up to 14.4 Mbps and ubiquitous mobility, HSDPA is anticipated to become a preferred broadband access medium for end-users via mobile phones, laptops etc. While majority of these end-users are located indoors most of the time, approximately 70-80% of the HSDPA traffic is estimated to originate from inside buildings. Thus for network operators, indoor coverage has become a necessity for technical and business reasons. Macro-cellular (outdoor) to indoor coverage is a natural inexpensive way of providing network coverage inside the buildings. However, it does not guarantee sufficient link quality required for optimal HSDPA operation. On the contrary, deploying a dedicated indoor system may be far too expensive from an operator\u27s point of view. In this thesis, the concept is laid for the understanding of indoor radio wave propagation in a campus building environment which could be used to plan and improve outdoor-to-indoor UMTS/HSDPA radio propagation performance. It will be shown that indoor range performance depends not only on the transmit power of an indoor antenna, but also on the product\u27s response to multipath and obstructions in the environment along the radio propagation path. An extensive measurement campaign will be executed in different indoor environments analogous to easy, medium and hard radio conditions. The effects of walls, ceilings, doors and other obstacles on measurement results would be observed. Chapter one gives a brief introduction to the evolution of UMTS and HSDPA. It goes on to talk about radio wave propagation and some important properties of antennas which must be considered when choosing an antenna for indoor radio propagation. The challenges of in-building network coverage and also the objectives of this thesis are also mentioned in this chapter. The evolution and standardization, network architecture, radio features and most importantly, the radio resource management features of UMTS/HSDPA are given in chapter two. In this chapter, the reason why Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) was specified and selected for 3G (UMTS) systems would be seen. The architecture of the radio access network, interfaces with the radio access network between base stations and radio network controllers (RNC), and the interface between the radio access network and the core network are also described in this chapter. The main features of HSDPA are mentioned at the end of the chapter. In chapter three the principles of the WCDMA air interface, including spreading, Rake reception, signal fading, power control and handovers are introduced. The different types and characteristics of the propagation environments and how they influence radio wave propagation are mentioned. UMTS transport, logical and physical channels are also mentioned, highlighting their significance and relationship in and with the network. Radio network planning for UMTS is discussed in chapter four. The outdoor planning process which includes dimensioning, detailed planning, optimization and monitoring is outlined. Indoor radio planning with distributed antenna systems (DAS), which is the idea and motivation behind this thesis work, is also discussed. The various antennas considered and the antenna that was selected for this thesis experiment was discussed in chapter five. The antenna radiation pattern, directivity, gain and input impedance were the properties of the antenna that were taken into consideration. The importance of the choice of the antenna for any particular type of indoor environment is also mentioned. In chapter six, the design and fabrication of the monopole antennas used for the experimental measurement is mentioned. The procedure for measurement and the equipment used are also discussed. The results gotten from the experiment are finally analyzed and discussed. In this chapter the effect of walls, floors, doors, ceilings and other obstacles on radio wave propagation will be seen. Finally, chapter seven concludes this thesis work and gives some directions for future work

Shipping and Climate Change: International Law and Policy Considerations

This report investigates the international law and policy challenges to the determination of the international shipping industry\u27s contribution to climate change mitigation efforts through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations and the competent intergovernmental organization with respect to shipping in international law. The report sets out the international legal framework that serves as context for the IMO efforts, the challenge of regulating greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping and the process and issues in determining the industry\u27s \u27fair share\u27 of mitigation efforts and potential legal pathways. The report concludes with general, policy and legal considerations that have a bearing on the current and possible future directions of the nascent IMO strategy and potential legal pathways

Combustion generated fine carbonaceous particles

Soot is of importance for its contribution to atmospheric particles with their adverse health impacts and for its contributions to heat transfer in furnaces and combustors, to luminosity from candles, and to smoke that hinders escape from buildings during fires and that impacts global warming or cooling. The different chapters of the book adress comprehensively the different aspects from fundamental approaches to applications in technical combustion devices