Development and Validation of Functional Model of a Cruise Control System

Modern automobiles can be considered as a collection of many subsystems working with each other to realize safe transportation of the occupants. Innovative technologies that make transportation easier are increasingly incorporated into the automobile in the form of functionalities. These new functionalities in turn increase the complexity of the system framework present and traceability is lost or becomes very tricky in the process. This hugely impacts the development phase of an automobile, in which, the safety and reliability of the automobile design should be ensured. Hence, there is a need to ensure operational safety of the vehicles while adding new functionalities to the vehicle. To address this issue, functional models of such systems are created and analysed. The main purpose of developing a functional model is to improve the traceability and reusability of a system which reduces development time and cost. Operational safety of the system is ensured by analysing the system with respect to random and systematic failures and including safety mechanism to prevent such failures. This paper discusses the development and validation of a functional model of a conventional cruise control system in a passenger vehicle based on the ISO 26262 Road Vehicles - Functional Safety standard. A methodology for creating functional architectures and an architecture of a cruise control system developed using the methodology are presented.Comment: In Proceedings FESCA 2016, arXiv:1603.0837

A Functional Reasoning Framework and Dependency Modeling Scheme for Mechatronics Conceptual Design Support

RÉSUMÉ La conception mécatronique est un processus de design pluridisciplinaire, il repose sur l'intégration synergique des domaines d’ingénierie mécanique, électrique, contrôle et logiciel pour concevoir des produits qui surpassent les autres produits en termes d'efficacité, de précision, de coût et de fiabilité. Toutefois, cela a un coût, la conception de systèmes multidisciplinaire est une tâche ardue qui exige beaucoup de coordination et de coopération entre les ingénieurs concepteurs. Beaucoup de ces difficultés ont été reportées dans les domaines académique et industriel. Il en ressort que la communication technique entre les concepteurs appartenant à diverses disciplines d’ingénierie se fait très difficilement et ce en raison de l'absence d'un langage commun pour représenter les différents concepts. Ceci entraîne des difficultés majeures à transférer les modèles et les informations pertinentes entre les domaines ce qui entrave la possibilité d’appliquer un processus de développement intégré (concurrent). Pourtant, d’une part, un processus de conception intégré et dynamique doit être suivi pour réduire le temps de conception du projet et ainsi réduire les couts et supporter l'innovation. D’autre part, la conception multidisciplinaire se traduit par l’introduction d’un grand nombre de dépendances durant la conception, rendant ainsi les activités de conception difficile à synchroniser entravant le processus intégré. En raison de l'absence d'outil de support informatique pour le design conceptuel, et l'importance de considérer les dépendances le plus tôt possible dans le processus de conception, un cadre de raisonnement fonctionnel en conjonction avec un système de modélisation des dépendances (liées au produit) ont été développés dans ce mémoire de maîtrise. Le cadre de raisonnement fonctionnel a été réalisé par la personnalisation du langage SysML (Systems Modeling Language), et par le développement d’un module d’extension (plug-in) dans l'outil de modélisation MagicDraw (No Magic, Inc.). Le plug-in intègre un système expert à base de règles (CLIPS : C Language Integrated Production System - NASA) qui permet d’encapsuler les connaissances d'ingénierie sous la forme de règles pour analyser et effectuer des tâches sur des diagrammes fonctionnels. Une nouvelle approche d'acquisition et une représentation schématique de dépendances ont été proposées. La notion de "méta-dépendances» a été introduite pour modéliser les dépendances qui sont partagées par un grand nombre d'éléments dans un même système.----------ABSTRACT Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary design process that relies on the synergic integration of mechanical, electrical, control, and software engineering to deliver products that outperform their competitors in terms of efficiency, precision, cost and reliability. However, this comes at a cost, designing multi-disciplinary systems is a challenging task that requires a lot of coordination and cooperation between designers. Several challenges are reported by both academic and industry-related literature. One of the most important is the tedious communication between engineering designers from various disciplines due to a lack of a common language to represent concepts. This leads to difficulties in transferring models and pertinent information between domains. To succeed in nowadays competitive markets, a concurrent and dynamic design process should be followed to reduce the project lead-time and spark innovation. However, such a process results in many dependencies as a consequence of multi-disciplinary design and it is often difficult to streamline the design activities. Due to the lack of existing computational support tools for conceptual design of mechatronics and the importance of taking dependencies (product related) into account as early as possible in the design process, a functional reasoning framework as well as a dependency modeling scheme were developed in this master thesis. The functional reasoning framework was realised by customizing the SysML (Systems Modeling Language) language and developing a plug-in in the modeling tool MagicDraw (No Magic, Inc.). The plug-in integrates the rule-based expert system CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System - NASA) that allows encapsulating engineering knowledge in the form of rules to analyze and perform tasks on functional diagrams. A new acquisition method and representation scheme of dependencies was proposed in this master thesis. The concept of “meta-dependency” was introduced to model dependencies shared by a large number of elements in a same mechatronic system or sub-system. It allows engineering designers to efficiently and abstractly capture dependencies early in the deign process and reduces the number of relationships to be built manually between dependent elements in the system

The Internet of Things: the future or the end of mechatronics.

The advent and increasing implementation of user configured and user oriented systems structured around the use of cloud configured information and the Internet of Things is presenting a new range and class of challenges to the underlying concepts of integration and transfer of functionality around which mechatronics is structured. It is suggested that the ways in which system designers and educators in particular respond to and manage these changes and challenges is going to have a significant impact on the way in which both the Internet of Things and mechatronics develop over time. The paper places the relationship between the Internet of Things and mechatronics into perspective and considers the issues and challenges facing systems designers and implementers in relation to managing the dynamics of the changes required

An approach to open virtual commissioning for component-based automation

Increasing market demands for highly customised products with shorter time-to-market and at lower prices are forcing manufacturing systems to be built and operated in a more efficient ways. In order to overcome some of the limitations in traditional methods of automation system engineering, this thesis focuses on the creation of a new approach to Virtual Commissioning (VC). In current VC approaches, virtual models are driven by pre-programmed PLC control software. These approaches are still time-consuming and heavily control expertise-reliant as the required programming and debugging activities are mainly performed by control engineers. Another current limitation is that virtual models validated during VC are difficult to reuse due to a lack of tool-independent data models. Therefore, in order to maximise the potential of VC, there is a need for new VC approaches and tools to address these limitations. The main contributions of this research are: (1) to develop a new approach and the related engineering tool functionality for directly deploying PLC control software based on component-based VC models and reusable components; and (2) to build tool-independent common data models for describing component-based virtual automation systems in order to enable data reusability. [Continues.

Production Engineering and Management

The annual International Conference on Production Engineering and Management takes place for the sixth time his year, and can therefore be considered a well - established event that is the result of the joint effort of the OWL University of Applied Sciences and the University of Trieste. The conference has been established as an annual meeting under the Double Degree Master Program ‘Production Engineering and Management’ by the two partner universities. The main goal of the conference is to provide an opportunity for students, researchers and professionals from Germany, Italy and abroad, to meet and exchange information, discuss experiences, specific practices and technical solutions used in planning, design and management of production and service systems. In addition, the conference is a platform aimed at presenting research projects, introducing young academics to the tradition of Symposiums and promoting the exchange of ideas between the industry and the academy. Especially the contributions of successful graduates of the Double Degree Master Program ‘Production Engineering and Management’ and those of other postgraduate researchers from several European countries have been enforced. This year’s special focus is on Direct Digital Manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0, a topic of great interest for the global industry. The concept is spreading, but the actual solutions must be presented in order to highlight the practical benefits to industry and customers. Indeed, as Henning Banthien, Secretary General of the German ‘Plattform Industrie 4.0’ project office, has recently remarked, “Industry 4.0 requires a close alliance amongst the private sector, academia, politics and trade unions” in order to be “translated into practice and be implemented now”. PEM 2016 takes place between September 29 and 30, 2016 at the OWL University of Applied Sciences in Lemgo. The program is defined by the Organizing and Scientific Committees and clustered into scientific sessions covering topics of main interest and importance to the participants of the conference. The scientific sessions deal with technical and engineering issues, as well as management topics, and include contributions by researchers from academia and industry. The extended abstracts and full papers of the contributions underwent a double - blind review process. The 24 accepted presentations are assigned, according to their subject, to one of the following sessions: ‘Direct Digital Manufacturing in the Context of Industry 4.0’, ‘Industrial Engineering and Lean Management’, ‘Management Techniques and Methodologies’, ‘Wood Processing Technologies and Furniture Production’ and ‘Innovation Techniques and Methodologies

COMPUTATIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR COMPUTER AIDED CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF MULTIPLE INTERACTION-STATE MECHATRONIC DEVICES

Increasing autonomy and intelligence in mechatronic devices requires them to be multiple interaction-state devices. Different modes of operations and different types of interactions with the use-environment require the device to have multiple interaction-states, each state capable of producing a different behavior to meet its intended requirements. For multiple interaction-state mechatronic devices, a satisfactory framework does not exist for representing, evaluating, and synthesizing design concepts. Hence, majority of mechatronic designers currently use informal methods for representing and evaluating design concepts during the conceptual design. This leads to the following problems. First, informal representation of design concepts hinders information exchange and reuse. Second, in absence of a validation methodology, it is not clear how to determine if a proposed design concept is consistent with the requirements. Finally, designers cannot perform computer aided evaluation during the conceptual design stage. This dissertation focuses in the area of computational foundations for representing, validating, evaluating, and synthesizing design concepts of multiple interaction-state mechatronic devices. A modeling and simulation framework has been developed for representing design concepts behind multiple interaction-state mechatronic devices. The problem of consistency-checking of interaction-states has been studied and an algorithm has been developed for solving the interaction consistency-checking problem. The problem of determining the presence of unsafe parameter values has been studied and an algorithm has been developed to determine whether an interaction-state in the proposed design concept can attain unsafe parameter values. Algorithms have been developed for evaluating design concepts based on the maximum power consumption and sharability of components. Finally, algorithms have been developed for automatically synthesizing transition diagrams for meeting the desired behavior specifications, given a components library. We believe that the results reported in this dissertation will provide the underlying foundations for constructing the next generation computer aided design tools for conceptual design of mechatronic devices. We expect that these tools would streamline the product development process, facilitate information reuse, and reduce product development time

Tools for improving high-dose-rate prostate cancer brachytherapy using three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging

High-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is an interstitial technique for the treatment of intermediate and high-risk localized prostate cancer that involves placement of a radiation source directly inside the prostate using needles. Dose-escalated whole-gland treatments have led to improvements in survival, and tumour-targeted treatments may offer future improvements in therapeutic ratio. The efficacy of tumour-targeted HDR-BT depends on imaging tools to enable accurate dose delivery to prostate sub-volumes. This thesis is focused on implementing ultrasound tools to improve HDR-BT needle localization accuracy and efficiency, and evaluating dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for tumour localization. First, we implemented a device enabling sagittally-reconstructed 3D (SR3D) ultrasound, which provides sub-millimeter resolution in the needle insertion direction. We acquired SR3D and routine clinical images in a cohort of 12 consecutive eligible HDR-BT patients, with a total of 194 needles. The SR3D technique provided needle insertion depth errors within 5 mm for 93\% of needles versus 76\% for the clinical imaging technique, leading to increased precision in dose delivered to the prostate. Second, we implemented an algorithm to automatically segment multiple HDR-BT needles in a SR3D image. The algorithm was applied to the SR3D images from the first patient cohort, demonstrating mean execution times of 11.0 s per patient and successfully segmenting 82\% of needles within 3 mm. Third, we augmented SR3D imaging with live-2D sagittal ultrasound for needle tip localization. This combined technique was applied to another cohort of 10 HDR-BT patients, reducing insertion depth errors compared to routine imaging from a range of [-8.1 mm, 7.7 mm] to [-6.2 mm, 5.9 mm]. Finally, we acquired DCE-MRI in 16 patients scheduled to undergo prostatectomy, using either high spatial resolution or high temporal resolution imaging, and compared the images to whole-mount histology. The high spatial resolution images demonstrated improved high-grade cancer classification compared to the high temporal resolution images, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.79 and 0.70, respectively. In conclusion, we have translated and evaluated specialized imaging tools for HDR-BT which are ready to be tested in a clinical trial investigating tumour-targeted treatment

Maintainability and evolvability of control software in machine and plant manufacturing -- An industrial survey

Automated Production Systems (aPS) have lifetimes of up to 30-50 years, throughout which the desired products change ever more frequently. This requires flexible, reusable control software that can be easily maintained and evolved. To evaluate selected criteria that are especially relevant for maturity in software maintainability and evolvability of aPS, the approach SWMAT4aPS+ builds on a questionnaire with 52 questions. The three main research questions cover updates of software modules and success factors for both cross-disciplinary development as well as reusable models. This paper presents the evaluation results of 68 companies from machine and plant manufacturing (MPM). Companies providing automation devices and/or engineering tools will be able to identify challenges their customers in MPM face. Validity is ensured through feedback of the participating companies and an analysis of the statistical unambiguousness of the results. From a software or systems engineering point of view, almost all criteria are fulfilled below expectations