7,335 research outputs found
Accident Analysis and Prevention: Course Notes 1987/88
This report consists of the notes from a series of lectures given by the authors for a course entitled Accident Analysis and Prevention. The course took place during the second term of a one year Masters degree course in Transport Planning and Engineering run by the Institute for Transport Studies and the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Leeds. The course consisted of 18 lectures of which 16 are reported on in this document (the remaining two, on Human Factors, are not reported on in this document as no notes were provided). Each lecture represents one chapter of this document, except in two instances where two lectures are covered in one chapter (Chapters 10 and 14). The course first took place in 1988, and at the date of publication has been run for a second time. This report contains the notes for the initial version of the course. A number of changes were made in the content and emphasis of the course during its second run, mainly due to a change of personnel, with different ideas and experiences in the field of accident analysis and prevention. It is likely that each time the course is run, there will be significant changes, but that the notes provided in this document can be considered to contain a number of the core elements of any future version of the course
USING THE SAFE SYSTEM APPROACH TO KEEP OLDER DRIVERS SAFELY MOBILE
In 2003, Australian road transport jurisdictions collectively accepted that the greatest road safety gains would be achieved through adopting a Safe System approach, derived from Sweden's Vision Zero and the Netherlands' Sustainable Safety strategies. A key objective of all three approaches is to manage vehicles, the road infrastructure, speeds, road users and the interactions between these components, to ensure that in the event of crashes, crash energies will remain at levels that minimize the probability of death and serious injury. Older drivers pose a particular challenge to the Safe System approach, given particularly their greater physical frailty, their driving patterns and for some at least, their reduced fitness to drive. This paper has analyzed the so-called âolder driver problemâ and identified a number of key factors underpinning their crash levels, for which countermeasures can be identified and implemented within a Safe System framework. The recommended countermeasures consist of: (1) safer roads, through a series of design improvements particularly governing urban intersections; (2) safer vehicles, through both the promotion of crashworthiness as a critical consideration when purchasing a vehicle and the wide use of developed and developing ITS technologies; (3) safer speeds especially at intersections; and (4) safer road users, through both improved assessment procedures to identify the minority of older drivers with reduced fitness to drive and educational efforts to encourage safer driving habits particularly but not only through self-regulation.
Document type: Articl
Smart driving aids and their effects on driving performance and driver distraction
In-vehicle information systems have been shown to increase driver workload and cause distraction; both of which are causal factors for accidents. This simulator study evaluates the impact that two designs for a smart driving aid, and scenario complexity have on workload, distraction and driving performance. Results showed that real-time delivery of smart driving information did not increase driver workload or adversely effect driver distraction, while having the effect of decreasing mean driving speed in both the simple and complex driving scenarios. Subjective workload was shown to increase with task difficulty, as well as revealing important differences between the two interface designs
Accident causation and pre-accidental driving situations: Part 1. Overview and general statistics
WP2 of the European Project TRACE is concerned with âTypes of Situationsâ to analyse the causation
of road traffic accidents from the pre-accidental driving situation point of view. Four complementary
situations were defined: stabilized situations, intersection, specific manoeuvre and degradation
scenario. To reach this objective, the analysis is based on a common methodology composed on 3
steps: the âdescriptive analysisâ which from general statistics will allow to identify among the studied
situations those them relevant and to give their characteristics, the âin-depth analysisâ allowing to
obtain accident causes from the generic description of the problems identified in the previous step and
the risk analysis identifying the risk of being involved in an accident taking into account the results
obtained from the âinâdepthâ level.
This report is dedicated to the descriptive analysis with the identification of the most relevant scenario
regarding the situation in which the driver is involved just prior the accident. The results are based on
the literature review, general statistics and the analysis of the national databases available in TRACE
via WP8. Because the information level differ from databases to another, the available scenario
presented here for the 4 predefined types of situations are generics and some specific situations could
not have be distinguished. For each situation some key indicators are given, such as prevalence,
severity, KSI (killed x severely injured), etc. When it is possible, these indicators are estimated at the
EU27 level
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Research Synthesis for the California Zero Traffic Fatalities Task Force
This research synthesis consists of a set of white papers that jointly provide a review of research on the current practicefor setting speed limits and future opportunities to improve roadway safety. This synthesis was developed to inform thework of the Zero Traffic Fatalities Task Force, which was formed in 2019 by the California State Transportation Agencyin response to California Assembly Bill 2363 (Friedman). The statutory goal of the Task Force is to develop a structured,coordinated process for early engagement of all parties to develop policies to reduce traffic fatalities to zero. Thisreport addresses the following critical issues related to the work of the Task Force: (i) the relationship between trafficspeed and safety; (ii) lack of empirical justification for continuing to use the 85th percentile rule; (iii) why we need toreconsider current speed limit setting practices; (iv) promising alternatives to current methods of setting speed limits;and (v) improving road designs to increase road user safety
Measures to enhance mobility among older people in Scandinavia. A literature review of best practice.
Mobiliteten eller rörligheten för Ă€ldre mĂ€nniskor Ă€r fortfarande ett omrĂ„de under utveckling. Det visar en VTI-studie gĂ€llande Norge, Danmark och Sverige dĂ€r man har studerat Ă€ldre personers resande med personbil, kollektivtrafik, cykel, gĂ„ng och i viss mĂ„n Ă€ven övriga transportmedel som definieras av motoriserade rullstolar, skotrar, mopedbilar, etc. Ă
tgÀrder för att öka resandet med kollektivtrafik Àr pÄ dagordningen i alla tre lÀnderna. Det ÄterstÄr dock mycket som kan förbÀttras enligt de forskningsrapporter och utvÀrderingar som ingÄtt i studien. Exempelvis Àr mer Àn 200-300 meter en för lÄng promenadstrÀcka till eller frÄn busshÄllplatsen för mÄnga Àldre mÀnniskor och miljön pÄ stationer och hÄllplatser upplevs av mÄnga Àldre som obehaglig och stressig. Dessutom bör information före och under resan vara bÄde visuell och hörbar, informationstavlor bör placeras i ögonhöjd, tidtabeller ska vara lÀtta att lÀsa och förstÄ, det ska vara lÀtt att köpa en biljett och hantera biljettautomater, lÄggolvsfordon Àr att föredra, lediga platser ska finnas ombord och föraren ska inte börja köra innan passagerarna har satt sig. Det kan ofta vara smÄ förbÀttringar som utgör skillnader för dem som reser, till exempel att trottoarer Àr utan trappor och att det finns bÀnkar pÄ gÄngvÀgen till busshÄllplatsen. Dessutom handlar strategier och ÄtgÀrder för att förbÀttra kollektivtrafiken inte bara om frÄgor som tillgÀngliga fordon, vindskydd och enkla trottoarer vid busshÄllplatser, utan ocksÄ om frekvens och rutter i förhÄllande till resmönstren hos den nya rörliga generationen Àldre. Dock Àr bristen pÄ information och kunskap om kollektivtrafiken ofta utbredd bland Àldre mÀnniskor, vilket resulterar i att de reser mindre Àn de skulle ha gjort eller avstÄr helt frÄn att anvÀnda kollektivtrafiken. Informationskampanjer skulle kunna samordnas bÀttre för att möta Àldre mÀnniskors resmönster. Nya sÀtt att sprida information med den senaste tekniken skulle ocksÄ kunna organiseras i större utstrÀckning för att möta behoven hos Àldre mÀnniskor. Egentligen Àr problemet ibland inte brist pÄ information, utan för mycket information eller fel slags information.The present report is part of a larger project about mobility and its impact on older people\u92s well-being and welfare: Mobile age: The impact of everyday mobility for elderly people\u92s welfare and well-being. The heterogenity of older people is emphasised, not only with respect to physical age but also with respect to the specific resource situation and social context of everyday life. The geographical context of the project is Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The report is a literature review examining and evaluating measures designed to improve the independency of mobility among older people. While a few good examples of \u93best practice\u94 in the Scandinavian area (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) have been highlighted, gaps and weaknesses remain. The areas which are examined in the present report are private car, public transport, cycling, walking and to some extent other transport modes defined by motorized wheelchairs, scooters, four-wheeled mopeds/motorcycles, etc. Measures to increase travel with public transport are on the agenda in all three countries, i.e. accessible vehicles and increased accessibility to the interchanges. Also, often small amendments through the travel route could make difference, such as pavements without stairs and benches on the way to the bus stop. Furthermore, strategies and measures for improving public transport concern not only issues such as accessible vehicles, wind shelters and plain pavements at bus stops, but also frequency and routes in relation to the mobility needs of a new generation of older people. However, lack of information and knowledge about public transport services is often rife among older people, which results in them travelling less than they might have done or shying away completely from using public transport. Information campaigns could be synchronised consciously to meet older people\u92s travel trajectories. New ways of providing information using the latest technology could be found to meet the needs of older people. Actually, sometimes the problem is not lack of information but too much of it or the wrong kind
Econometric and Machine Learning Methods to Identify Pedestrian Crash Patterns
Walking plays an important role in overcoming many challenges nowadays, and governments and local authorities are encouraging healthy and environmentally sustainable lifestyles. Nevertheless, pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users and crashes with pedestrian involvement are a serious concern. Thus, the identification of pedestrian crash patterns is crucial to identify appropriate safety countermeasures. The aims of the study are (1) to identify the road infrastructure, environmental, vehicle, and driver-related patterns that are associated with an overrepresentation of pedestrian crashes, and (2) to identify safety countermeasures to mitigate the detected pedestrian crash patterns. The analysis carried out an econometric model, namely the mixed logit model, and the association rules and the classification tree algorithm, as machine learning tools, to analyse the patterns contributing to the overrepresentation of pedestrian crashes in Italy. The dataset consists of 874,847 crashesâincluding 101,032 pedestrian crashesâthat occurred in Italy from 2014 to 2018. The methodological approach adopted in the study was effective in uncovering relations among road infrastructure, environmental, vehicle, and driver-related patterns, and the overrepresentation of pedestrian crashes. The mixed logit provided a clue on the impact of each pattern on the pedestrian crash occurrence, whereas the association rules and the classification tree detected the associations among the patterns with insights on how the co-occurrence of more factors could be detrimental to pedestrian safety. Driversâ behaviour and psychophysical state turned out to be crucial patterns related to pedestrian crashesâ overrepresentation. Based on the identified crash patterns, safety countermeasures have been proposed
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