Self-organizing Fast Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Communications Networks

To address this problem, in this thesis we propose a cross-layer proactive routing initialization mechanism that does not require additional measurements and, at the same time, is energy efficient. Two routing protocols are proposed: Self-Organized Fast Routing Protocol for Radial Underwater Networks (SOFRP) for radial topology and Self-organized Proactive Routing Protocol for Non-uniformly Deployed Underwater Networks (SPRINT) for a randomly deployed network. SOFRP is based on the algorithm to recreate a radial topology with a gateway node, such that packets always use the shortest possible path from source to sink, thus minimizing consumed energy. Collisions are avoided as much as possible during the path initialization. The algorithm is suitable for 2D or 3D areas, and automatically adapts to a varying number of nodes. In SPRINT the routing path to the gateway is formed on the basis of the distance, measured by the signal strength received. The data sending node prefers to choose the neighbor node which is closest to it. It is designed to achieve high data throughput and low energy consumption of the nodes. There is a tradeoff between the throughput and the energy consumption: more distance needs more transmission energy, and more relay nodes (hops) to the destination node affects the throughput. Each hop increases the packet delay and decreases the throughput. Hence, energy consumption requires nearest nodes to be chosen as forwarding node whereas the throughput requires farthest node to be selected to minimize the number of hops. Fecha de lectura de Tesis Doctoral: 11 mayo 2020Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) constitute an emerging technology for marine surveillance, natural disaster alert and environmental monitoring. Unlike terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), electromagnetic waves cannot propagate more than few meters in water (high absorption rate). However, acoustic waves can travel long distances in underwater. Therefore, acoustic waves are preferred for underwater communications, but they travel very slow compare to EM waves (typical speed in water is 1500 m/s against 2x10^8 m/s for EM waves). This physical effect makes a high propagation delay and cannot be avoided, but the end-to-end packet delay it can be reduced. Routing delay is one of the major factors in end-to-end packet delay. In reactive routing protocols, when a packet arrives to a node, the node takes some time to select the node to which the data packet would be forwarded. We may reduce the routing delay for time-critical applications by using proactive routing protocols. Other two critical issues in UWSNs are determining the position of the nodes and time synchronization. Wireless sensor nodes need to determine the position of the surrounding nodes to select the next node in the path to reach the sink node. A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) cannot be used because of the very short underwater range of the GNSS signal. Timestamping to estimate the distance is possible but the limited mobility of the UWSN nodes and variation in the propagation speed of the acoustic waves make the time synchronization a challenging task. For these reasons, terrestrial WSN protocols cannot be readily used for underwater acoustic networks

Unmanned Vehicle Systems & Operations on Air, Sea, Land

Unmanned Vehicle Systems & Operations On Air, Sea, Land is our fourth textbook in a series covering the world of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems (CUAS). (Nichols R. K., 2018) (Nichols R. K., et al., 2019) (Nichols R. , et al., 2020)The authors have expanded their purview beyond UAS / CUAS systems. Our title shows our concern for growth and unique cyber security unmanned vehicle technology and operations for unmanned vehicles in all theaters: Air, Sea and Land – especially maritime cybersecurity and China proliferation issues. Topics include: Information Advances, Remote ID, and Extreme Persistence ISR; Unmanned Aerial Vehicles & How They Can Augment Mesonet Weather Tower Data Collection; Tour de Drones for the Discerning Palate; Underwater Autonomous Navigation & other UUV Advances; Autonomous Maritime Asymmetric Systems; UUV Integrated Autonomous Missions & Drone Management; Principles of Naval Architecture Applied to UUV’s; Unmanned Logistics Operating Safely and Efficiently Across Multiple Domains; Chinese Advances in Stealth UAV Penetration Path Planning in Combat Environment; UAS, the Fourth Amendment and Privacy; UV & Disinformation / Misinformation Channels; Chinese UAS Proliferation along New Silk Road Sea / Land Routes; Automaton, AI, Law, Ethics, Crossing the Machine – Human Barrier and Maritime Cybersecurity.Unmanned Vehicle Systems are an integral part of the US national critical infrastructure The authors have endeavored to bring a breadth and quality of information to the reader that is unparalleled in the unclassified sphere. Unmanned Vehicle (UV) Systems & Operations On Air, Sea, Land discusses state-of-the-art technology / issues facing U.S. UV system researchers / designers / manufacturers / testers. We trust our newest look at Unmanned Vehicles in Air, Sea, and Land will enrich our students and readers understanding of the purview of this wonderful technology we call UV.https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1035/thumbnail.jp

Report of the working group on fisheries acoustics science and technology (WGFAST)

The Working Group on Fisheries Acoustics Science and Technology (WGFAST) met at the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations in Rome, Italy, from 19–22 April 2005. David A. Demer, USA, was Chair, Alex De Robertis, USA, was Rapporteur and Jessica D. Lipsky, USA, was the Recorder. There were 83 participants from 16 countries. a ) The first topic was “Measuring underwater radiated noise from survey vessels and its effects on fish”. Quiet vessels have distinct advantages over conventional vessels. It has been shown that herring did not respond to a vessel which com-plies with the ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 209 specification for radi-ated noise. Reductions in high frequency vessel noise have also increased acous-tic detection ranges for fish and zooplankton. However, it is clear that some spe-cies, under some circumstances, avoid even quiet survey vessels. Thus, a variety of stimuli produced by vessels such as light and particle motion, as well as radi-ated noise, may cause fish to react to a survey vessel. Noise reduced vessels pro-vide new opportunities to investigate these stimuli. WGFAST recommends that research in this area should proceed swiftly and focus on: i) determining which species of fish react to conventional and quiet survey vessels and under what cir-cumstances; ii) the stimuli for their behaviours; and iii) the design requirements for vessels surveying these species in sensitive situations. Additionally, for cases in which fish avoidance is inescapable, survey biases should be estimated. Devel-opment of economical and portable noise measurement systems is also encour-aged. b ) The second topic was “Technologies for remote species identification (low-frequency, Doppler, multi-frequency, broad bandwidth, data integration, optical sensors)”. Species identification can be one of the major sources of uncertainty in acoustic surveys of fish and zooplankton abundance, and it is vital to multi-species and ecosystem studies. Substantial progress was reported on a variety of methods for remote species identification. Such methods enable more automated and objective data processing, reduced uncertainty in acoustic estimates of fish biomass, economical ecosystem investigations and studies of predator-prey inter-actions, and may also facilitate a reduction of by-catch during commercial fishing operations. It was noted that further progress towards species identification will likely require a combination of acoustic and other measurements. Because net sampling is typically used to identify acoustic scatterers, gear selectivity can add substantial uncertainty to acoustic surveys. Thus, the WGFAST encourages re-search on random and systematic error in net sampling, and development of new methods for verifying acoustic scatterers. Particularly promising are underwater stereo video instrumentation and analysis methods. c ) The third topic was “Alternative technologies (small-craft, buoys, ROV, AUV, gliders, fishing vessels, multi-beam sonar, acoustic cameras), with special atten-tion to shallow water and near boundary assessments (coastal, riverine, demersal and epipelagic species, and bottom typing)”. Measurement platforms other than research vessels are being used to economically make measurements on ecologi-cally important temporal and spatial scales. For example, acoustic instruments are being deployed on buoys, landers, autonomous underwater vehicles, remotely op-erated vehicles, and fishing vessels. Expanded use of these platforms is impera-tive for successful ecosystem-based fisheries management. Progress was also re-ported on development of multi-beam sonars, and analyses of their data for bio-mass estimation. Finally, productive collaborations between commercial manu-facturers and the scientific community were reported and encouraged. d ) The fourth topic was “Target strength (modelling and measurements)”. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that a first-order approximation of TS ver-sus log-length is generally insufficient to accurately and precisely estimate fish TS. It was shown that factors such as fish orientation (tilt, roll, and yaw), age-dependent changes in morphology, and region-dependent relations between fish mass, length, and swimbladder volumes can eclipse the effect of fish length on their TS. Exemplifying this point was another study showing a bimodal TS distri-bution from herring characterized with a unimodal length distribution. e ) WGFAST recommends that it next meets at CSIRO in Hobart, Tasmania, on 27, 28, 29, and 30 March, 2006 to examine works in the following research areas: i) Fish behaviour in response to noise and other vessel related stimuli; ii) Survey techniques for epi-benthic, epi-pelagic and shallow water species; iii) Acoustical species ID techniques for multi-species assessments, ecosystem studies, by-catch reduction, and objective and automated data processing; iv) Instrumentation, survey design, and data analysis techniques for studying aquatic ecosystems, with special attention to the estimation and use of meas-urement uncertainty in statistical analyses of multi-variate time series, and techniques for integrating multi-disciplinary data to elucidate functional rela-tionships; and v) Target strength (modelling and measurements). f ) WGFAST recommends that SGASC and SGTSEB both be extended for another year, retaining their current Chairs, to complete their respective CRRs; and SGAFV and SGASC also meet in Hobart on 25–26 March, and 31 March-2 April, respectively. g ) WGFAST recommends research on: 1) noise and other vessel related stimuli for fish behaviour; 2) video and still camera instrumentation and data processing; and 3) instrumentation and methods for remote species identification. These topics should be considered for one or more new Study Group at the 2006 meeting. h ) WGFAST and WGFTFB jointly recommend that a Task Force be formed, lead by David Somerton, USA, to: evaluate the state-of-the-art in optical imaging and analysis technologies and define the ICES community’s requirements for addi-tional optical technology. i ) WGFAST recommends a review of the ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies developed and employed over the past two decades by international communities such as CCAMLR. Accordingly, one or more keynote speakers from CCAMLR and or CSIRO will be invited to the 2006 WGFAST meeting. j ) WGFAST recommends that the ICES sponsored “2008 Symposium on Fisheries Acoustics and Technology for Aquatic Ecosystem Investigations,” is held from in June 2008 at Grieg Hall, Bergen, Norway. k ) WGFAST Recommends the following theme sessions for the 2006 Annual Sci-ence Conference: i) Joint FTC-RMC Theme Session on “Quantifying, summariz-ing and integrating total uncertainty in fisheries resource surveys.” Co-Conveners: David Demer, U.S.A.; and Stephen Smith, Canada; ii) Joint FTC/LRC Theme Session on “Spatio-temporal characteristics of fish populations and their environmental forcing functions as components of ecosystem-based as-sessments.” Co-Conveners: François Gerlotto (France), and someone from LRC; and iii) Joint FTC/LRC Theme Session on “Technologies for monitoring fishing activities and observing catch.” Co-Conveners: Bill Karp, USA, and Kjell Nedre-aas, Norway

Report of the working group on fisheries acoustics science and technology (WGFAST)

Contributors: John Dalen, Olav Rune Godø, Nils Olav Handegård, Hans Petter Knudsen, Egil Ona, Ruben Patel, Geir edersen, Atle TotlandThe Working Group on Fisheries Acoustics Science and Technology (WGFAST) met at the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations in Rome, Italy, from 19–22 April 2005. David A. Demer, USA, was Chair, Alex De Robertis, USA, was Rapporteur and Jessica D. Lipsky, USA, was the Recorder. There were 83 participants from 16 countries. a ) The first topic was “Measuring underwater radiated noise from survey vessels and its effects on fish”. Quiet vessels have distinct advantages over conventional vessels. It has been shown that herring did not respond to a vessel which com-plies with the ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 209 specification for radi-ated noise. Reductions in high frequency vessel noise have also increased acous-tic detection ranges for fish and zooplankton. However, it is clear that some spe-cies, under some circumstances, avoid even quiet survey vessels. Thus, a variety of stimuli produced by vessels such as light and particle motion, as well as radi-ated noise, may cause fish to react to a survey vessel. Noise reduced vessels pro-vide new opportunities to investigate these stimuli. WGFAST recommends that research in this area should proceed swiftly and focus on: i) determining which species of fish react to conventional and quiet survey vessels and under what cir-cumstances; ii) the stimuli for their behaviours; and iii) the design requirements for vessels surveying these species in sensitive situations. Additionally, for cases in which fish avoidance is inescapable, survey biases should be estimated. Devel-opment of economical and portable noise measurement systems is also encour-aged. b ) The second topic was “Technologies for remote species identification (low-frequency, Doppler, multi-frequency, broad bandwidth, data integration, optical sensors)”. Species identification can be one of the major sources of uncertainty in acoustic surveys of fish and zooplankton abundance, and it is vital to multi-species and ecosystem studies. Substantial progress was reported on a variety of methods for remote species identification. Such methods enable more automated and objective data processing, reduced uncertainty in acoustic estimates of fish biomass, economical ecosystem investigations and studies of predator-prey inter-actions, and may also facilitate a reduction of by-catch during commercial fishing operations. It was noted that further progress towards species identification will likely require a combination of acoustic and other measurements. Because net sampling is typically used to identify acoustic scatterers, gear selectivity can add substantial uncertainty to acoustic surveys. Thus, the WGFAST encourages re-search on random and systematic error in net sampling, and development of new methods for verifying acoustic scatterers. Particularly promising are underwater stereo video instrumentation and analysis methods. c ) The third topic was “Alternative technologies (small-craft, buoys, ROV, AUV, gliders, fishing vessels, multi-beam sonar, acoustic cameras), with special atten-tion to shallow water and near boundary assessments (coastal, riverine, demersal and epipelagic species, and bottom typing)”. Measurement platforms other than research vessels are being used to economically make measurements on ecologi-cally important temporal and spatial scales. For example, acoustic instruments are being deployed on buoys, landers, autonomous underwater vehicles, remotely op-erated vehicles, and fishing vessels. Expanded use of these platforms is impera-tive for successful ecosystem-based fisheries management. Progress was also re-ported on development of multi-beam sonars, and analyses of their data for bio-mass estimation. Finally, productive collaborations between commercial manu-facturers and the scientific community were reported and encouraged. d ) The fourth topic was “Target strength (modelling and measurements)”. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that a first-order approximation of TS ver-sus log-length is generally insufficient to accurately and precisely estimate fish TS. It was shown that factors such as fish orientation (tilt, roll, and yaw), age-dependent changes in morphology, and region-dependent relations between fish mass, length, and swimbladder volumes can eclipse the effect of fish length on their TS. Exemplifying this point was another study showing a bimodal TS distri-bution from herring characterized with a unimodal length distribution. e ) WGFAST recommends that it next meets at CSIRO in Hobart, Tasmania, on 27, 28, 29, and 30 March, 2006 to examine works in the following research areas: i) Fish behaviour in response to noise and other vessel related stimuli; ii) Survey techniques for epi-benthic, epi-pelagic and shallow water species; iii) Acoustical species ID techniques for multi-species assessments, ecosystem studies, by-catch reduction, and objective and automated data processing; iv) Instrumentation, survey design, and data analysis techniques for studying aquatic ecosystems, with special attention to the estimation and use of meas-urement uncertainty in statistical analyses of multi-variate time series, and techniques for integrating multi-disciplinary data to elucidate functional rela-tionships; and v) Target strength (modelling and measurements). f ) WGFAST recommends that SGASC and SGTSEB both be extended for another year, retaining their current Chairs, to complete their respective CRRs; and SGAFV and SGASC also meet in Hobart on 25–26 March, and 31 March-2 April, respectively. g ) WGFAST recommends research on: 1) noise and other vessel related stimuli for fish behaviour; 2) video and still camera instrumentation and data processing; and 3) instrumentation and methods for remote species identification. These topics should be considered for one or more new Study Group at the 2006 meeting. h ) WGFAST and WGFTFB jointly recommend that a Task Force be formed, lead by David Somerton, USA, to: evaluate the state-of-the-art in optical imaging and analysis technologies and define the ICES community’s requirements for addi-tional optical technology. i ) WGFAST recommends a review of the ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies developed and employed over the past two decades by international communities such as CCAMLR. Accordingly, one or more keynote speakers from CCAMLR and or CSIRO will be invited to the 2006 WGFAST meeting. j ) WGFAST recommends that the ICES sponsored “2008 Symposium on Fisheries Acoustics and Technology for Aquatic Ecosystem Investigations,” is held from in June 2008 at Grieg Hall, Bergen, Norway. k ) WGFAST Recommends the following theme sessions for the 2006 Annual Sci-ence Conference: i) Joint FTC-RMC Theme Session on “Quantifying, summariz-ing and integrating total uncertainty in fisheries resource surveys.” Co-Conveners: David Demer, U.S.A.; and Stephen Smith, Canada; ii) Joint FTC/LRC Theme Session on “Spatio-temporal characteristics of fish populations and their environmental forcing functions as components of ecosystem-based as-sessments.” Co-Conveners: François Gerlotto (France), and someone from LRC; and iii) Joint FTC/LRC Theme Session on “Technologies for monitoring fishing activities and observing catch.” Co-Conveners: Bill Karp, USA, and Kjell Nedre-aas, Norway

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms