Aplikasi Pengubah Citra Nominal Ke Bentuk Terbilang

Saat ini media pembelajaran sangat beragam,apalagi yang berkenaan dengan masalah IT. Saat ini sejak tingkat pendidikan play group sudah diperkenalkan tentang keberadaan angak serta berhitung. Pada jaman dulu dan mungkin pada saat ini seorang guru masih mengajarkan kepada muridnya secara verbal tentang angka-angka itu sendiri. Dengan memanfaatkan teknologi komputer yang semakin berkembang tentunya dapat membantu manusia dalam mengenali suatu angka itu sendiri.Salah satu ilmu komputer yang berkaitan dengan identifikasi objek,dalam hal ini lebih khususnya adalah Citra Karakter Angka adalah pengenalan pola. Pengenalan pola adalah merupakan suatu teknik untuk mengenali pola atau karakteristik dari suatu objek. Terdapat beberapa tekologi algoritma pada pengenalan pola, salah satunya yang akan digunakan adalah teknik Integral Proyeksi. Dengan mengimplementasikan teknologi ini akan mampu membatu sistem pembelajaran dalam pengenalan karakter angka.Pada skripsi ini dibuat suatu aplikasi untuk mengidentifikasi jenis karakter angka dalam bentuk citra menggunakan bantuan alat Scanner. Citra ditangkap oleh scanner kemudian dilakukan proses ekstraksi ciri. Ciri yang diambil adalah Fitur dari tiap karakter angka. Fitur adalah suatu ciri yang diambil dari penjumlahan pixel secara vertikal dan horizontal dari citra karakter itu sendiri. Setelah didapat index-index dari fitur tadi,langkah selnjutnya adalah memperhitungkan dengan rumusan RMSE (root mean square error). Dari hasil akhir perhitungan tersebut didapatlah nilai terendang yang merupakan fitur terdekat dari Template yang sudah dideklarasikan terlebih dahulu

Aplikasi Pengubah Citra Nominal Ke Bentuk Terbilang

Saat ini media pembelajaran sangat beragam,apalagi yang berkenaan dengan masalah IT. Saat ini sejak tingkat pendidikan play group sudah diperkenalkan tentang keberadaan angak serta berhitung. Pada jaman dulu dan mungkin pada saat ini seorang guru masih mengajarkan kepada muridnya secara verbal tentang angka-angka itu sendiri. Dengan memanfaatkan teknologi komputer yang semakin berkembang tentunya dapat membantu manusia dalam mengenali suatu angka itu sendiri.Salah satu ilmu komputer yang berkaitan dengan identifikasi objek,dalam hal ini lebih khususnya adalah Citra Karakter Angka adalah pengenalan pola. Pengenalan pola adalah merupakan suatu teknik untuk mengenali pola atau karakteristik dari suatu objek. Terdapat beberapa tekologi algoritma pada pengenalan pola, salah satunya yang akan digunakan adalah teknik Integral Proyeksi. Dengan mengimplementasikan teknologi ini akan mampu membatu sistem pembelajaran dalam pengenalan karakter angka.Pada skripsi ini dibuat suatu aplikasi untuk mengidentifikasi jenis karakter angka dalam bentuk citra menggunakan bantuan alat Scanner. Citra ditangkap oleh scanner kemudian dilakukan proses ekstraksi ciri. Ciri yang diambil adalah Fitur dari tiap karakter angka. Fitur adalah suatu ciri yang diambil dari penjumlahan pixel secara vertikal dan horizontal dari citra karakter itu sendiri. Setelah didapat index-index dari fitur tadi,langkah selnjutnya adalah memperhitungkan dengan rumusan RMSE (root mean square error). Dari hasil akhir perhitungan tersebut didapatlah nilai terendang yang merupakan fitur terdekat dari Template yang sudah dideklarasikan terlebih dahulu.Kata kunci: Citra Karakter Angka, Integral Proyeksi, Scanner, Fitur, RMSE, Templat

Interhemispheric and Intrahemispheric Connectivity From the Left Pars Opercularis Within the Language Network Is Modulated by Transcranial Stimulation in Healthy Subjects

Neural activity related to language can be modulated within widespread networks following learning or in response to disruption-including the experimental application of noninvasive brain stimulation. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of such modulation remain insufficiently explored. The present study combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to explore the modulation of activity across the language network following continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) of the left pars opercularis. In 10 healthy subjects (21 ± 2 years old, four females), neuronavigated cTBS was delivered over the left pars opercularis of the frontal operculum (part of the traditional Broca's area) at 80% of active motor threshold (AMT) stimulation intensity. Real cTBS and sham cTBS were performed in two different visits separated by at least 48 h. Before, immediately, and 10 min after cTBS, 30 single pulses of TMS were delivered to the left pars opercularis at 80% of the resting motor threshold (RMT), whereas EEG was simultaneously recorded. We examined the cTBS-induced modulation of phase locking values (PLVs) between the TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) recorded over the pars opercularis and those recorded over its right-hemispheric homolog area, the left supramarginal area, and the left superior temporal area in different EEG frequency bands and different time windows following cTBS. cTBS to the left pars opercularis induced within the gamma band: (1) a significant increase in TEP phase synchronization between the left and right pars opercularis at an early time window (250-350 ms) following cTBS; and (2) significantly increased PLV with the left supramarginal area and the left superior temporal area at a later time window (600-700 ms). In the theta and delta band, cTBS to the left pars opercularis induced significantly increased phase synchronization of TEPs between the left pars opercularis and the posterior left hemispheric language areas at a late time window. In sham condition, there was a significant decrease in TEP phase synchronization of the high beta band between left pars opercularis and left superior temporal area at 200-300 ms. These results contribute to characterize the dynamics of the language network and may have implications in the development of noninvasive stimulation protocols to promote the language rehabilitation in aphasia patients

Temporal associative processes revealed by intrusions in paired-associate recall

Although much is known about the factors that influence the acquisition and retention of individual paired associates, the existence of temporally defined associations spanning multiple pairs has not been demonstrated. We report two experiments in which subjects studied randomly paired nouns for a subsequent cued recall test. When subjects recalled nontarget items, their intrusions tended to come from nearby pairs. This across-pair contiguity effect was graded, spanning noncontiguously studied word pairs. The existence of such long-range temporally defined associations lends further support to contextual-retrieval models of episodic association

Neural Distributed Autoassociative Memories: A Survey

Introduction. Neural network models of autoassociative, distributed memory allow storage and retrieval of many items (vectors) where the number of stored items can exceed the vector dimension (the number of neurons in the network). This opens the possibility of a sublinear time search (in the number of stored items) for approximate nearest neighbors among vectors of high dimension. The purpose of this paper is to review models of autoassociative, distributed memory that can be naturally implemented by neural networks (mainly with local learning rules and iterative dynamics based on information locally available to neurons). Scope. The survey is focused mainly on the networks of Hopfield, Willshaw and Potts, that have connections between pairs of neurons and operate on sparse binary vectors. We discuss not only autoassociative memory, but also the generalization properties of these networks. We also consider neural networks with higher-order connections and networks with a bipartite graph structure for non-binary data with linear constraints. Conclusions. In conclusion we discuss the relations to similarity search, advantages and drawbacks of these techniques, and topics for further research. An interesting and still not completely resolved question is whether neural autoassociative memories can search for approximate nearest neighbors faster than other index structures for similarity search, in particular for the case of very high dimensional vectors.Comment: 31 page

Learning is not decline: The mental lexicon as a window into cognition across the lifespan

As otherwise healthy adults age, their performance on cognitive tests tends to decline. This change is traditionally taken as evidence that cognitive processing is subject to significant declines in healthy aging. We examine this claim, showing current theories over-estimate the evidence in support of it, and demonstrating that when properly evaluated, the empirical record often indicates that the opposite is true. To explain the disparity between the evidence and current theories, we show how the models of learning assumed in aging research are incapable of capturing even the most basic of empirical facts of “associative” learning, and lend themselves to spurious discoveries of “cognitive decline.” Once a more accurate model of learning is introduced, we demonstrate that far from declining, the accuracy of older adults lexical processing appears to improve continuously across the lifespan. We further identify other measures on which performance does not decline with age, and show how these different patterns of performance fit within an overall framework of learning. Finally, we consider the implications of our demonstrations of continuous and consistent learning performance throughout adulthood for our understanding of the changes in underlying brain morphology that occur during the course of cognitive development across the lifespan

Associative Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory

Association and context constitute two of the central ideas in the history of episodic memory research. Following a brief discussion of the history of these ideas, we review data that demonstrate the complementary roles of temporal contiguity and semantic relatedness in determining the order in which subjects recall lists of items and the timing of their successive recalls. These analyses reveal that temporal contiguity effects persist over very long time scales, a result that challenges traditional psychological and neuroscientific models of association. The form of the temporal contiguity effect is conserved across all of the major recall tasks and even appears in item recognition when subjects respond with high confidence. The nearuniversal form of the contiguity effect and its appearance at diverse time scales is shown to place tight constraints on the major theories of association

Neural mechanisms of attending to items in working memory

Working memory, the ability to keep recently accessed information available for immediate manipulation, has been proposed to rely on two mechanisms that appear difficult to reconcile: self-sustained neural firing, or the opposite-activity-silent synaptic traces. Here we review and contrast models of these two mechanisms, and then show that both phenomena can co-exist within a unified system in which neurons hold information in both activity and synapses. Rapid plasticity in flexibly-coding neurons allows features to be bound together into objects, with an important emergent property being the focus of attention. One memory item is held by persistent activity in an attended or "focused" state, and is thus remembered better than other items. Other, previously attended items can remain in memory but in the background, encoded in activity-silent synaptic traces. This dual functional architecture provides a unified common mechanism accounting for a diversity of perplexing attention and memory effects that have been hitherto difficult to explain in a single theoretical framework