Science in the Forest, Science in the Past

This collection brings together leading anthropologists, historians, philosophers, and artificial-intelligence researchers to discuss the sciences and mathematics used in various Eastern, Western, and Indigenous societies, both ancient and contemporary. The authors analyze prevailing assumptions about these societies and propose more faithful, sensitive analyses of their ontological views about reality—a step toward mutual understanding and translatability across cultures and research fields. Science in the Forest, Science in the Past is a pioneering interdisciplinary exploration that will challenge the way readers interested in sciences, mathematics, humanities, social research, computer sciences, and education think about deeply held notions of what constitutes reality, how it is apprehended, and how to investigate it

Engineering Agile Big-Data Systems

To be effective, data-intensive systems require extensive ongoing customisation to reflect changing user requirements, organisational policies, and the structure and interpretation of the data they hold. Manual customisation is expensive, time-consuming, and error-prone. In large complex systems, the value of the data can be such that exhaustive testing is necessary before any new feature can be added to the existing design. In most cases, the precise details of requirements, policies and data will change during the lifetime of the system, forcing a choice between expensive modification and continued operation with an inefficient design.Engineering Agile Big-Data Systems outlines an approach to dealing with these problems in software and data engineering, describing a methodology for aligning these processes throughout product lifecycles. It discusses tools which can be used to achieve these goals, and, in a number of case studies, shows how the tools and methodology have been used to improve a variety of academic and business systems

Engineering Agile Big-Data Systems

To be effective, data-intensive systems require extensive ongoing customisation to reflect changing user requirements, organisational policies, and the structure and interpretation of the data they hold. Manual customisation is expensive, time-consuming, and error-prone. In large complex systems, the value of the data can be such that exhaustive testing is necessary before any new feature can be added to the existing design. In most cases, the precise details of requirements, policies and data will change during the lifetime of the system, forcing a choice between expensive modification and continued operation with an inefficient design.Engineering Agile Big-Data Systems outlines an approach to dealing with these problems in software and data engineering, describing a methodology for aligning these processes throughout product lifecycles. It discusses tools which can be used to achieve these goals, and, in a number of case studies, shows how the tools and methodology have been used to improve a variety of academic and business systems

Fictioneering Rogues, or The End of the Artist

The thesis establishes a sovereign artist figure, which operates through fictionalisation. It is suggested that the figure of the artist is free to be anything in tenor with the movement of emancipation in modern art. This sovereignty is mapped on to the concept of sovereignty – particularly Bataille’s concept of sovereign subjectivity – and read against his notion of a restricted economy of purpose and a general economy of excess. The double movement is explored via Derrida to suggest a self-ruinous, sovereign subjectivity. This subject is then relocated in terms of political sovereignty to suggest a privileged artistic subject of decision, whose transgression is similar in structure to that of the political sovereign. The sovereignty of the artist is thought of in terms of Bataillean ‘useless self-expenditure’ as a ‘counter-sovereign sovereignty’. Laughter is seen as a key attribute. The self-ruin, implied in Derrida’s concept of ‘autoimmunity’, is conceived as a falling sovereignty, which implicates the world in a contagious comedy. This comedy unfolds in a materialism of literature as a Bataillean ‘sovereign operation’. From Derrida’s understanding of the sovereign phantasm as a speech-act, it is suggested that the political sovereignty of power operates within the same materialism. Power is understood to unfold as spectacle on the same order as the shenanigans of the artist comedian. Ultimately, the contagion of laughter is seen as the true counter-sovereign operation. This comedy of falling is borne out in the supplement. The papers document how the researcher lost consecutive court cases while writing. In the first, against an author and his publishing house, he lost ownership of his identity. In the second he was taken to court as he refused to be held accountable for actions attributed to that identity. The posturing in the court cases is revealed as a comedy, but with real consequences

Personal Learning Environments for Inquiry-Based Learning

Personal Learning Environments have recently emerged as a novel approach to learning, putting learners in the spotlight and providing them with the tools for building their own learning environments according to their specific learning needs and aspirations. This approach enables learners to take complete control over their learning, thus becoming self-regulated and independent. This paper introduces a new European initiative for supporting and enhancing inquiry-based learning through Personal Learning Environments consisting of personal and social inquiry tools. This approach aims at supporting students in developing their self-regulated learning skills by conducting their scientific inquiries in collaboration with their peers

Pervasive learning analytics for fostering learners' self-regulation

Today's tertiary STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education in Europe poses problems to both teachers and students. With growing enrolment numbers, and numbers of teaching staff that are outmatched by this growth, student-teacher contact becomes more and more difficult to provide. Therefore, students are required to quickly adopt self-regulated and autonomous learning styles when entering European universities. Furthermore, teachers are required to divide their attention between large numbers of students. As a consequence, classical teaching formats of STEM education which often encompass experimentation or active exploration, become harder to implement. Educational software holds the promise of easing these problems, or, if not fully solving, at least of making them less acute: Learning Analytics generated by such software can foster self-regulation by providing students with both formative feedback and assessments. Educational software, in form of collaborative social media, makes it easier for teachers to collaborate, allows to reduce their workload and enables learning and teaching formats otherwise infeasible in large classes. The contribution of this thesis is threefold: Firstly, it reports on a social medium for tertiary STEM education called "Backstage2 / Projects" aimed specifically at these points: Improving learners' self-regulation by providing pervasive Learning Analytics, fostering teacher collaboration so as to reduce their workload, and providing means to deploy a variety of classical and novel learning and teaching formats in large classes. Secondly, it reports on several case studies conducted with that medium which point at the effectiveness of the medium and its provided Learning Analytics to increase learners' self-regulation, reduce teachers' workload, and improve how students learn. Thirdly, this thesis reports on findings from Learning Analytics which could be used in the future in designing further teaching and learning formats or case studies, yielding a rich perspective for future research and indications for improving tertiary STEM education

Annotations in Scholarly Editions and Research

The notion of annotation is associated in the Humanities and Information Sciences with different concepts that vary in coverage, application and direction of impact, but have conceptual parallels as well. This publication reflects on different practices and associated concepts of annotation, puts them in relation to each other and attempts to systematize their commonalities and divergences in an interdisciplinary perspective

Middleware for Mobile Sensing Applications in Urban Environments

Sensor networks represent an attractive tool to observe the physical world. Networks of tiny sensors can be used to detect a fire in a forest, to monitor the level of pollution in a river, or to check on the structural integrity of a bridge. Application-specific deployments of static-sensor networks have been widely investigated. Commonly, these networks involve a centralized data-collection point and no sharing of data outside the organization that owns it. Although this approach can accommodate many application scenarios, it significantly deviates from the pervasive computing vision of ubiquitous sensing where user applications seamlessly access anytime, anywhere data produced by sensors embedded in the surroundings. With the ubiquity and ever-increasing capabilities of mobile devices, urban environments can help give substance to the ubiquitous sensing vision through Urbanets, spontaneously created urban networks. Urbanets consist of mobile multi-sensor devices, such as smart phones and vehicular systems, public sensor networks deployed by municipalities, and individual sensors incorporated in buildings, roads, or daily artifacts. My thesis is that "multi-sensor mobile devices can be successfully programmed to become the underpinning elements of an open, infrastructure-less, distributed sensing platform that can bring sensor data out of their traditional close-loop networks into everyday urban applications". Urbanets can support a variety of services ranging from emergency and surveillance to tourist guidance and entertainment. For instance, cars can be used to provide traffic information services to alert drivers to upcoming traffic jams, and phones to provide shopping recommender services to inform users of special offers at the mall. Urbanets cannot be programmed using traditional distributed computing models, which assume underlying networks with functionally homogeneous nodes, stable configurations, and known delays. Conversely, Urbanets have functionally heterogeneous nodes, volatile configurations, and unknown delays. Instead, solutions developed for sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks can be leveraged to provide novel architectures that address Urbanet-specific requirements, while providing useful abstractions that hide the network complexity from the programmer. This dissertation presents two middleware architectures that can support mobile sensing applications in Urbanets. Contory offers a declarative programming model that views Urbanets as a distributed sensor database and exposes an SQL-like interface to developers. Context-aware Migratory Services provides a client-server paradigm, where services are capable of migrating to different nodes in the network in order to maintain a continuous and semantically correct interaction with clients. Compared to previous approaches to supporting mobile sensing urban applications, our architectures are entirely distributed and do not assume constant availability of Internet connectivity. In addition, they allow on-demand collection of sensor data with the accuracy and at the frequency required by every application. These architectures have been implemented in Java and tested on smart phones. They have proved successful in supporting several prototype applications and experimental results obtained in ad hoc networks of phones have demonstrated their feasibility with reasonable performance in terms of latency, memory, and energy consumption.Deploying a network of sensors to monitor an environment is a common practice. For example, cameras in museums, supermarkets, or buildings are installed for surveillance purposes. However, while a decade ago, most deployed sensor networks involved a limited number of sensors, wired to a central processing unit, nowadays, the focus is on wireless, distributed, sensing nodes. Sensor technology has greatly advanced in terms of size, power consumption, processing capabilities, and low cost, thus fostering deployments of self-organizing wireless sensor networks over large geographical areas. For example, sensor networks have been used to detect a fire in a forest, to monitor the level of pollution in a river, or to check on the structural integrity of a bridge. Yet, sensor networks are usually perceived as ``something'' remote in the forest or on the battlefield, and regular users do not yet benefit from them. With the ubiquity and ever-increasing capabilities of mobile devices, such as smart phones and computers embedded in cars, urban environments offer the elements necessary to create people-centric mobile sensor networks and support a large variety of so-called sensing applications ranging from emergency and surveillance to tourist guidance and entertainment. For example, near-ubiquitous smart phones with audio and video sensing capabilities and more sensors in the near future can be used to provide shopping recommender services to inform users of special offers at the mall. Sensor-equipped cars can be used to provide traffic information services to alert drivers to upcoming traffic jams. However, urban mobile sensor networks are challenging programming environments due to the dynamism of mobile devices, the resource constraints of battery-powered devices, the software and hardware heterogeneity, and the large number of concurrent applications that they need to support. These requirements hinder the direct adoption of traditional distributed computing platforms developed for static resource-rich networks. This dissertation presents two architectures that can support the development of mobile sensing applications in urban environments. Contory offers a declarative programming model that views the urban network as a distributed sensor database. Context-aware Migratory Services provides a client-server paradigm, where services are capable of migrating to different nodes in the network in order to maintain a continuous interaction with clients. Compared to previous approaches to supporting mobile sensing urban applications, our architectures are entirely distributed and do not assume constant availability of Internet connectivity. These architectures have been implemented in Java and tested on smart phones. They have proved successful in supporting several prototype applications and experimental results obtained in networks of phones have demonstrated their feasibility with reasonable performance in terms of latency, memory, and energy consumption. The proposed architectures offer many opportunities to flexibly and quickly establish customized services that can greatly enhance the users' urban experience. Further steps to fully accomplish people-centric mobile sensing applications will have to address more technical issues as well as social and legal concerns

Care to explain?:A critical epistemic in/justice based analysis of legal explanation obligations and ideals for ‘AI’-infused times

Fundamental legal explanation rights are seen to be in peril because of the use of inscru-table computational methods in decision making across important domains such as health care, welfare, and the judiciary. New technology-oriented explanation rules are created in response to this. As part of such rules, human explainers are tasked with re-humanizing the automated decisional processes. By providing their explainees with meaningful information, explainers are expected to help protect these decision subjects from AI-related harms such as wrongful discrimination, and to sustain their ability to participate in decision making about them in responsible ways.De Groot questions the merits, and the ideas behind these legislative approaches. Harms that are typically ascribed to the use of algorithms and modern ‘AI’ are not so different in character from harms that existed long before the ‘digital revolution.’ If explanation rights have a role to play as a tool against what De Groot describes as knowledge related wrong-doing, law has something to answer for since its explanation rules have thus far underserved those in less privileged societal positions; before and after decisions were automated.To conduct this critical questioning this thesis approaches explanation as a form of knowledge making. It builds a ‘re-idealized’ model of explanation duties based on val-ues described in the philosophical fields of epistemic justice and injustice. Starting from critical insights with regard to responsibly informed interaction in situations of social-informational inequality, the model relates duties of explanation care to different phases of an explanation cycle. The model is then applied in an analysis of the main explanation rules for administrative and medical decision making in The Netherlands. In ‘technology and regulation’ discus-sions, both domains are appealed to as benchmarks for the dignified treatment of ex-plainees. The analysis however teases out how the paradigms ignore important dimen-sions of decision making, and how explainers are not instructed to engage with explain-ees in ways that allow to fundamentally respect them as knowers and rights holders. By generating conceptual criticism and making practical, detailed points, the thesis demon-strates work that can be done to improve explanation regulation moving forward.<br/