6 research outputs found

    Modern Methods of Time-Frequency Warping of Sound Signals

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    Tato práce se zabývá reprezentací nestacionárních harmonických signálů s časově proměnnými komponentami. Primárně je zaměřena na Harmonickou transformaci a jeji variantu se subkvadratickou výpočetní složitostí, Rychlou harmonickou transformaci. V této práci jsou prezentovány dva algoritmy využívající Rychlou harmonickou transformaci. Prvni používá jako metodu odhadu změny základního kmitočtu sbírané logaritmické spektrum a druhá používá metodu analýzy syntézou. Oba algoritmy jsou použity k analýze řečového segmentu pro porovnání vystupů. Nakonec je algoritmus využívající metody analýzy syntézou použit na reálné zvukové signály, aby bylo možné změřit zlepšení reprezentace kmitočtově modulovaných signálů za použití Harmonické transformace.This thesis deals with representation of non-stationary harmonic signals with time-varying components. Its main focus is aimed at Harmonic Transform and its variant with subquadratic computational complexity, the Fast Harmonic Transform. Two algorithms using the Fast Harmonic Transform are presented. The first uses the gathered log-spectrum as fundamental frequency change estimation method, the second uses analysis-by-synthesis approach. Both algorithms are used on a speech segment to compare its output. Further the analysis-by-synthesis algorithm is applied on several real sound signals to measure the increase in the ability to represent real frequency-modulated signals using the Harmonic Transform.

    A Speech Feature Vector based on its Maximum Phase Component

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    This paper examines the performance of a vowel classification scheme using a new form of feature vector derived from a decomposition of the speech segment into Maximum Phase and Minimum Phase components. Justification for this approach in terms of its perceptual relevance is first made, followed by a signal processing scheme to obtain the components. The form for the feature vector is then discussed. Lastly, experimental work compares the performance of this new feature vector under a variety of distortion conditions with the contemporary popular choice of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients

    A Speech Feature Vector based on its Maximum Phase Component

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    This paper examines the performance of a vowel classification scheme using a new form of feature vector derived from a decomposition of the speech segment into Maximum Phase and Minimum Phase components. Justification for this approach in terms of its perceptual relevance is first made, followed by a signal processing scheme to obtain the components. The form for the feature vector is then discussed. Lastly, experimental work compares the performance of this new feature vector under a variety of distortion conditions with the contemporary popular choice of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients

    Analyse temps-frequence et traitement des signaux RSO à haute résolution spatiale pour la surveillance des grands ouvrages d'art

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    The thesis is composed of two research axis. The first one consists in proposing time-frequency signal processing tools for frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars used for displacements measurements, while the second one consists in designing a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing methodology for infrastructure monitoring when an external point cloud of the envisaged structure is available. In the first part of the thesis, we propose our solutions to the nonlinearity problem of an X-band FMCW radar designed for millimetric displacement measurements of short-range targets. The nonlinear tuning curve of the voltage controlled oscillator from the transceiver can cause a dramatic resolution degradation for wideband sweeps. To mitigate this shortcoming, we have developed two time warping-based methods adapted to wideband nonlinearities: one estimates the nonlinear terms using the high order ambiguity function, while the other is an autofocus approach which exploits the spectral concentration of the beat signal. Onwards, as the core of the thesis, we propose a novel method for scattering centers detection and tracking in spaceborne SAR images adapted to infrastructure monitoring applications. The method is based on refocusing each SAR image on a provided 3D point cloud of the envisaged infrastructure and identifying the reliable scatterers to be monitored by means of four dimensional (4D) tomography. The refocusing algorithm is compatible with stripmap, spotlight and sliding spotlight SAR images and consists of an azimuth defocusing followed by a modified back-projection algorithm on the given set of points which exploits the time-frequency structure of the defocused azimuth signal. The scattering centers of the refocused image are detected in the 4D tomography framework by testing if the main response is at zero elevation in the local elevation-velocity spectral distribution. The mean displacement velocity is estimated from the peak response on the zero elevation axis, while the displacements time series for detected single scatterers is computed as double phase difference of complex amplitudes.Finally, we present the measurement campaigns carried out on the Puylaurent water-dam and the Chastel landslide using GPS measurements, topographic surveys and laser scans to generate the point clouds of the two structures. The comparison between in-situ data and the results obtained by combining TerraSAR-X data with the generated point clouds validate the developed SAR signal processing chain.Cette thèse s'articule autour de deux axes de recherche. Le premier axe aborde les aspects méthodologiques liés au traitement temps-fréquence des signaux issus d'un radar FMCW (à onde continue modulée en fréquence) dans le contexte de la mesure des déplacements fins. Le second axe est dédié à la conception et à la validation d'une chaîne de traitement des images RSO (radar à synthèse d'ouverture) satellitaire. Lorsqu'un maillage 3D de la structure envisagée est disponible, les traitements proposés sont validés par l'intercomparaison avec les techniques conventionnelles d'auscultation des grands ouvrages d'art.D'une part, nous étudions la correction de la non-linéarité d'un radar FMCW en bande X, à courte portée, conçu pour la mesure des déplacements millimétriques. La caractéristique de commande non linéaire de l'oscillateur à large bande, entraine une perte de résolution à la réception. Afin de pallier cet inconvénient, nous avons développé deux méthodes basées sur le ré-échantillonnage temporel (time warping) dans le cas des signaux à large bande non-stationnaires. La première approche estime la loi de fréquence instantanée non linéaire à l'aide de la fonction d'ambiguïté d'ordre supérieur, tandis que la deuxième approche exploite la mesure de concentration spectrale du signal de battement dans un algorithme d'autofocus radial.D'autre part, nous proposons un cadre méthodologique général pour la détection et le pistage des centres de diffusion dans les images RSO pour la surveillance des grands ouvrages d'art. La méthode est basée sur la ré-focalisation de chaque image radar sur le maillage 3D de l'infrastructure étudiée afin d'identifier les diffuseurs pertinents par tomographie 4D (distance – azimut – élévation – vitesse de déformation). L'algorithme de ré-focalisation est parfaitement compatible avec les images RSO acquises dans les différents modes (« stripmap », « spotlight » et « sliding spotlight ») : dé-focalisation en azimut suivie par rétroprojection modifiée (conditionnée par la structure temps-fréquence du signal) sur l'ensemble donné des points. Dans la pile d'images ré-focalisées, les centres de diffusion sont détectés par tomographie 4D : test de conformité à l'hypothèse d'élévation zéro dans le plan élévation – vitesse de déformation. La vitesse moyenne correspond au maximum à l'élévation zéro, tandis que la série temporelle des déplacements est obtenue par double différence de phase des amplitudes complexes pour chaque diffuseur pertinent.Nous présentons également les campagnes in situ effectuées au barrage de Puylaurent (et glissement de Chastel) : les relevés GPS, topographiques et LIDAR sol employées au calcul des maillages 3D. La comparaison entre les déplacements mesurés in situ et les résultats obtenus par l'exploitation conjointe de la télédétection RSO satellitaires et les maillages 3D valident la chaîne de traitement proposée.Teza cuprinde două axe principale de cercetare. Prima axă abordează aspecte metodologice de prelucraretimp-frecvenţă a semnalelor furnizate de radare cu emisie continuă şi modulaţie de frecvenţă (FMCW)în contextul măsurării deplasărilor milimetrice. În cadrul celei de-a doua axe, este proiectată şi validatăo metodă de prelucrare a imaginilor satelitare SAR (radar cu apertură sintetică) ce este destinatămonitorizării infrastructurii critice şi care se bazează pe existenţa unui model 3D al structurii respective.În prima parte a tezei, sunt investigate soluţii de corecţie a neliniarităţii unui radar FMCW în bandaX destinat măsurării deplasărilor milimetrice. Caracteristica de comandă neliniară a oscilatorului debandă largă determină o degradare a rezoluţiei în distanţă. Pentru a rezolva acest inconvenient, au fostelaborate două metode de corecţie a neliniarităţii, adaptate pentru semnale de bandă largă, ce se bazeazăpe conceptul de reeşantionare neuniformă sau deformare a axei temporare. Prima abordare estimeazăparametrii neliniarităţii utilizând funcţii de ambiguitate de ordin superior, iar cea de-a doua exploateazăo măsură de concentraţie spectrală a semnalului de bătăi într-un algoritm de autofocalizare în distanţă.În a doua parte a lucrării, este propusă o metodologie generală de detecţie şi monitorizare a centrilorde împrăştiere în imagini SAR în scopul monitorizării elementelor de infrastructură critică. Metoda sebazează pe refocalizarea fiecărei imagini radar pe un model 3D al structurii investigate în scopul identificăriicentrilor de împrăştiere pertinenţi (ţinte fiabile ce pot fi monitorizate în timp) cu ajutorul tomografiei SAR4D (distanţă-azimut-elevaţie-viteză de deplasare). Algoritmul de refocalizare este compatibil cu imaginiSAR achiziţionate în moduri diferite (« stripmap », « spotlight » şi « sliding spotlight ») şi constă într-odefocalizare în azimut urmată de o retroproiecţie modificată (condiţionată de structura timp-frecvenţă asemnalului) pe modelul 3D al structurii. Ţintele sunt identificate în stiva de imagini refocalizate cu ajutorultomografiei 4D prin efectuarea unui test de conformitate cu ipoteza că centrii de împrăştiere pertinenţivor avea elevaţie zero în planul local elevaţie-viteză. Viteza medie de deformare corespunde maximuluide pe axa de elevaţie nulă, iar seria temporară a deplasărilor se obţine printr-o dublă diferenţă de fază aamplitudinilor complexe corespunzătoare ţintelor identificate.În final sunt prezentate campaniile de măsurători pe teren efectuate la un baraj şi o alunecare de terendin regiunea Puylaurent (Franţa) destinate obţinerii modelului 3D al celor două elemente de infrastructurăprin măsurători GPS, topografice şi LIDAR. Comparaţia între deformările măsurate pe teren şi rezultateleobţinute prin combinarea imaginilor SAR cu modelele 3D au permis validarea metodologiei propuse

    Tracking Rhythmicity in Biomedical Signals using Sequential Monte Carlo methods

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    Cyclical patterns are common in signals that originate from natural systems such as the human body and man-made machinery. Often these cyclical patterns are not perfectly periodic. In that case, the signals are called pseudo-periodic or quasi-periodic and can be modeled as a sum of time-varying sinusoids, whose frequencies, phases, and amplitudes change slowly over time. Each time-varying sinusoid represents an individual rhythmical component, called a partial, that can be characterized by three parameters: frequency, phase, and amplitude. Quasi-periodic signals often contain multiple partials that are harmonically related. In that case, the frequencies of other partials become exact integer multiples of that of the slowest partial. These signals are referred to as multi-harmonic signals. Examples of such signals are electrocardiogram (ECG), arterial blood pressure (ABP), and human voice. A Markov process is a mathematical model for a random system whose future and past states are independent conditional on the present state. Multi-harmonic signals can be modeled as a stochastic process with the Markov property. The Markovian representation of multi-harmonic signals enables us to use state-space tracking methods to continuously estimate the frequencies, phases, and amplitudes of the partials. Several research groups have proposed various signal analysis methods such as hidden Markov Models (HMM), short time Fourier transform (STFT), and Wigner-Ville distribution to solve this problem. Recently, a few groups of researchers have proposed Monte Carlo methods which estimate the posterior distribution of the fundamental frequency in multi-harmonic signals sequentially. However, multi-harmonic tracking is more challenging than single-frequency tracking, though the reason for this has not been well understood. The main objectives of this dissertation are to elucidate the fundamental obstacles to multi-harmonic tracking and to develop a reliable multi-harmonic tracker that can track cyclical patterns in multi-harmonic signals

    Identificación de la Señal Mioeléctrica del Intestino Delgado Registrada en Superficie Externa Abdominal. Comparativa con Registros Internos

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    [EN] Intestinal motility is responsible for the functions of segmentation, mixing and transport of the chime poured from the stomach. These functions are of main importance in the processes of nutrients digestion and absorption. Intestinal contractile activity is determined by the myoelectrical activity of intestinal muscular layers. Precisely, intestinal myoelectrical activity, which is also called electroenterogram (EEnG), is the result of two components: a low frequency component (slow wave, SW) that is always present and a high frequency component (spike bursts, SB) which is associated with bowel contractions. Despite of the diagnostic significance of internal recordings of EEnG, clinical application of this technique is limited due to its invasiveness. Thus, surface recording of EEnG could be a solution for non-invasive monitoring of intestinal motility. The aim of this Ph.D. Thesis is the recording of surface electroenterogram and the identification of slow wave and spike bursts activity in order to quantify bowel motor activity in dogs. We conducted simultaneous recordings of IMA in bowel serosa and on abdominal surface of Beagle dogs in fast state. Both signals were analyzed in spectral domain and a frequency band for slow wave and spike bursts energy were determined. Likewise, the effects of abdominal layers and of possible interferences on surface recording of EEnG were also studied. For this purpose it was necessary to define new signal-to-interference and attenuation functions. We calculated different spectral parameters of surface EEnG that quantify presence and intensity of SB taking into consideration the attenuation behavior of abdominal layers and interference effects. These parameters have shown a strong correlation with bowel contractile activity. The research about surface EEnG is complemented with an analysis of signal dynamics throughout the pattern of bowel motor activity in fast state. Stationarity of the signal was evaluated in every period of contractile activity with different window-lengths. The study finishes with the definition of an algorithm that provides a variable window-length, adapting EEnG analysis to the spectral content of signal at every moment. This permits the generation of a fast non-invasive index of bowel contractile activity for future real-time applications. Three main conclusions can be deduced out of the obtained results: - It is possible to identify both bowel’s slow wave and spike bursts activity on surface recordings of EEnG. - Quantification of SB activity on surface EEnG allows non-invasive monitoring of small bowel mechanical activity. - It has been developed a new adaptive analysis method that improves intestinal motility indexes based in traditional techniques as it considers non-stationarity of EEnG.[ES] La motilidad intestinal es responsable de las funciones de segmentación, mezcla y transporte del quimo vertido desde el estómago. Estas funciones son fundamentales en los procesos de digestión y absorción de nutrientes. La actividad contráctil intestinal está determinada por la actividad mioeléctrica de las capas musculares intestinales. Concretamente, la actividad mioeléctrica intestinal, también denominada electroenterograma (EEnG), es el resultado de dos componentes: una componente de baja frecuencia que está siempre presente (onda lenta, OL); y una componente de alta frecuencia (potenciales rápidos de acción o spike bursts, SB) que está asociada directamente a las contracciones intestinales. A pesar del valor diagnóstico de los registros internos del EEnG, su aplicación clínica está limitada debido a su carácter invasivo. Por tanto, el registro en superficie del EEnG podría ser una solución a la monitorización no-invasiva de la motilidad intestinal. El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es el registro del electroenterograma de superficie y la identificación de la actividad de la onda lenta y de los spike bursts para la cuantificación no-invasiva de la actividad contráctil intestinal en perros. Se han llevado a cabo registros simultáneos del EEnG en la serosa intestinal y en superficie abdominal de perros Beagle en estado de ayunas. Ambas señales se han analizado en el dominio espectral para la determinación de los rangos de frecuencia en que se localiza la energía tanto de la OL como de los SB. Asimismo se ha estudiado la influencia de las capas abdominales y de posibles interferencias sobre el registro externo. Para ello ha sido necesario definir las funciones señal-interferencia y de atenuación, inéditas hasta la fecha. Teniendo en cuenta estos efectos de atenuación e interferencia, se han calculado distintos parámetros espectrales del EEnG de superficie que cuantifican la existencia e intensidad de SB. Estos parámetros han mostrado una elevada correlación con el grado de actividad contráctil intestinal interno. La investigación sobre el EEnG de superficie se complementa con un análisis de la dinámica de la señal a lo largo del patrón de motilidad intestinal en ayunas. Se ha valorado el grado de estacionariedad de la señal en cada estado de actividad contráctil para distintos anchos de ventana. El estudio finaliza con la definición de un algoritmo que proporciona un ancho de ventana variable, adaptando el análisis del EEnG al contenido espectral de la señal en cada momento. Esto permite generar un indicador no-invasivo de actividad contráctil intestinal, rápido de obtener, para futuras aplicaciones en tiempo real. De los resultados obtenidos se extraen tres conclusiones fundamentales: - Es posible identificar tanto la actividad de la onda lenta intestinal como la actividad de los potenciales rápidos de acción (SB) en el registro del EEnG de superficie. - La cuantificación de la actividad de los SB del EEnG de superficie permite la monitorización no invasiva de la actividad mecánica del intestino delgado. - Se ha desarrollado un método de análisis adaptativo que mejora los índices de motilidad intestinal basado en técnicas tradicionales, ya que tiene en cuenta la no estacionariedad del EEnG.[CA] La motilitat intestinal és responsable de les funcions de segmentació, mixtió i transport del quimo abocat des de l'estómac. Aquestes funcions són fonamentals en els processos de digestió i absorció de nutrients. L'activitat contràctil intestinal està determinada per l'activitat mioelèctrica de les capes musculars intestinals. Concretament, l'activitat mioelèctrica intestinal, també denominada electroenterograma (EEnG), és el resultat de dos components: una component de baixa freqüència que està sempre present (ona lenta, OL); i una component d'alta freqüència (potencials ràpids d'acció o spike bursts, SB) que està associada directament a les contraccions intestinals. A pesar del valor diagnòstic dels registres interns del EEnG, la seva aplicació clínica està limitada a causa de el seu caràcter invasiu. Per tant, el registre en superfície del EEnG podria ser una solució al monitoratge no-invasiu de la motilitat intestinal. L'objectiu de la present tesi doctoral és el registre de l’electroenterograma de superfície i la identificació de l'activitat de l'ona lenta i dels spike bursts per a la quantificació no-invasiva de l'activitat contràctil intestinal en gos. S'han portat a terme registres simultanis del EEnG en la serosa intestinal i en superfície abdominal de gossos Beagle en estat de dejunes. Ambdues senyals s'han analitzat en el domini espectral per a la determinació dels rangs de freqüència on es localitza l'energia tant de la OL com dels SB. Així mateix s'ha estudiat la influència de les capes abdominals i de possibles interferències sobre el registre extern. Per a això ha estat necessari desenvolupar les funcions senyal-interferència i d'atenuació inèdites fins a la data. Tenint en compte aquests efectes d'atenuació i interferència, s'han definit distints paràmetres espectrals del EEnG de superfície que quantifiquen l'existència i intensitat de SB. Aquests paràmetres han mostrat una elevada correlació amb el grau d'activitat contràctil intestinal intern. La investigació sobre el EEnG de superfície es completa amb una anàlisi de la dinàmica del senyal al llarg del patró de motilitat intestinal en dejú. S'ha valorat el grau de estacionarietat del senyal en cada estat d'activitat contràctil per a distints amples de finestra. L'estudi finalitza amb la definició d'un algorisme que proporciona un ample de finestra variable, adaptant l'anàlisi del EEnG al contingut espectral del senyal a cada moment. Això permet generar un indicador no-invasiu d'activitat contràctil intestinal, ràpid d'obtenir, per a futures aplicacions en temps real. Els resultats obtinguts permeten extreure tres conclusions fonamentals: - És possible identificar tant l'activitat de l'ona lenta intestinal com l'activitat dels potencials ràpids d’acció (SB) en el registre del EEnG de superfície. - La quantificació de l'activitat dels SB del EEnG de superfície permet el monitoratge no invasiu de l'activitat mecànica de l'intestí prim. - S'ha desenvolupat un mètode d'anàlisi adaptatiu que millora els índexs de motilitat intestinal basat en tècniques tradicionals, ja que té en compte la no-estacionarietat del EEnG.Garcia Casado, FJ. (2005). Identificación de la Señal Mioeléctrica del Intestino Delgado Registrada en Superficie Externa Abdominal. Comparativa con Registros Internos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/135956TESI
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