Beaconing Approaches in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a type of wireless ad hoc network that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between vehicles in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Beaconing approaches is an important research challenge in high mobility vehicular networks with enabling safety applications. In this article, we perform a survey and a comparative study of state-of-the-art adaptive beaconing approaches in VANET, that explores the main advantages and drawbacks behind their design. The survey part of the paper presents a review of existing adaptive beaconing approaches such as adaptive beacon transmission power, beacon rate adaptation, contention window size adjustment and Hybrid adaptation beaconing techniques. The comparative study of the paper compares the representatives of adaptive beaconing approaches in terms of their objective of study, summary of their study, the utilized simulator and the type of vehicular scenario. 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GSAR: Greedy Stand-Alone Position-Based Routing protocol to avoid hole problem occurance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The routing process in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) poses critical challenges because of its features such as frequent topology changes and resource limitations. Hence, designing a reliable and dynamic routing protocol that satisfies MANET requirements is highly demanded. The Greedy Forwarding Strategy (GFS) has been the most used strategy in position-based routing protocols. The GFS algorithm was designed as a high-performance protocol that adopts hop count in soliciting shortest path. However, the GFS does not consider MANET needs and is therefore insufficient in computing reliable routes. Hence, this study aims to improve the existing GFS by transforming it into a dynamic stand-alone routing protocol that responds swiftly to MANET needs, and provides reliable routes among the communicating nodes. To achieve the aim, two mechanisms were proposed as extensions to the current GFS, namely the Dynamic Beaconing Updates Mechanism (DBUM) and the Dynamic and Reactive Reliability Estimation with Selective Metrics Mechanism (DRESM). The DBUM algorithm is mainly responsible for providing a node with up-to-date status information about its neighbours. The DRESM algorithm is responsible for making forwarding decisions based on multiple routing metrics. Both mechanisms were integrated into the conventional GFS to form Greedy Stand-Alone Routing (GSAR) protocol. Evaluations of GSAR were performed using network simulator Ns2 based upon a defined set of performance metrics, scenarios and topologies. The results demonstrate that GSAR eliminates recovery mode mechanism in GFS and consequently improve overall network performance. Under various mobility conditions, GSAR avoids hole problem by about 87% and 79% over Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing and Position-based Opportunistic Routing Protocol respectively. Therefore, the GSAR protocol is a reasonable alternative to position-based unicast routing protocol in MANET

Supporting Protocols for Structuring and Intelligent Information Dissemination in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

The goal of this dissertation is the presentation of supporting protocols for structuring and intelligent data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The protocols are intended to first introduce a structure in VANETs, and thus promote the spatial reuse of network resources. Segmenting a flat VANET in multiple cluster structures allows for more efficient use of the available bandwidth, which can effectively increase the capacity of the network. The cluster structures can also improve the scalability of the underlying communication protocols. The structuring and maintenance of the network introduces additional overhead. The aim is to provide a mechanism for creating stable cluster structures in VANETs, and to minimize this associated overhead. Further a hybrid overlay-based geocast protocol for VANETs is presented. The protocol utilizes a backbone overlay virtual infrastructure on top of the physical network to provide geocast support, which is crucial for intervehicle communications since many applications provide group-oriented and location-oriented services. The final contribution is a structureless information dissemination scheme which creates a layered view of road conditions with a diminishing resolution as the viewing distance increases. Namely, the scheme first provides a high-detail local view of a given vehicle\u27s neighbors and its immediate neighbors, which is further extended when information dissemination is employed. Each vehicle gets aggregated information for road conditions beyond this extended local view. The scheme allows for the preservation of unique reports within aggregated frames, such that safety critical notifications are kept in high detail, all for the benefit of the driver\u27s improved decision making during emergency scenarios

Deep Kalman neuro fuzzy-based adaptive broadcasting scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network: A context-aware approach

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are among the main enablers for future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) as they facilitate information sharing, which improves road safety, traffic efficiency, and provides passengers' comfort. Due to the dynamic nature of VANETs, vehicles need to exchange the Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) more frequently to maintain network agility and preserve applications' performance. However, in many situations, broadcasting at a high rate leads to congest the communication channel, rendering VANET unreliable. Existing broadcasting schemes designed for VANET use partial context variables to control the broadcasting rate. Additionally, CAMs uncertainty, which is context-dependent has been neglected and a predefined fixed certainty threshold has been used instead, which is not suitable for the highly dynamic context. Consequently, vehicles disseminate a high rate of unnecessary CAMs which degrades VANET performance. A good broadcasting scheme should accurately determine which and when CAMs are broadcasted. To this end, this study proposes a Context-Aware Adaptive Cooperative Awareness Messages Broadcasting Scheme (CA-ABS) using combinations of Adaptive Kalman Filter, Autoregression, and Sequential Deep Learning and Fuzzy inference system. Four context variables have been used to represent the vehicular context, namely, individual driving behaviors, CAMs uncertainty, vehicle density, and traffic flow. Kalman Filter and Autoregression are used to estimate and predict the CAMs messages respectively. The deep learning model has been constructed to estimate the CAMs' uncertainties which is an important context variable that has been neglected in the previous research. Fuzzy Inference System takes context variables as input and determines an accurate broadcasting threshold and broadcasting interval. Extensive simulations have been conducted to evaluate the proposed scheme. Results show that the proposed scheme improves the CAMs delivery ratio and decreases the CAMs prediction errors

Proactive Multi-Copy Routing Protocol For Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

A vehicular network topology is very dynamic compared to traditional mobile ad hoc network because of the movement and speed of the vehicles. Thus, a vehicular network is always partitioned due to this reason, especially if the vehicle density is low. In this situation where a direct end-to-end path between source and destination can be considered as non-existent, a regular ad hoc routing protocol with complete path discovery mechanism is not feasible since the routing path is usually disconnected due to the intermittent nature of network links. To overcome this problem, vehicles can be used as carriers to deliver messages using store-and-carry forwarding whenever forwarding option via wireless transmission is not available. It has been ascertained by the majority of researches in VANET that the carry and forward procedure can significantly affect an end-to-end delivery delay. This paper focuses on developing a proactive multi-copy routing protocol with carry and forward mechanism that is able to deliver packets from a source vehicle to a destination vehicle at a small delivery delay. The paper emphases on replicating data packets and distribute them to different relays. The proposed protocol creates enough diversity to reach the destination vehicle with a small end-to-end delivery delay while keeping low routing overhead by routing multiple copies independently. The simulation results in an urban grid model show that the proposed multi-copy forwarding protocol is able to deliver packets at small delivery delay compared to a single-copy forwarding algorithm without having to rely on real time traffic data or flooding mechanism

Computational Intelligence Inspired Data Delivery for Vehicle-to-Roadside Communications

We propose a vehicle-to-roadside communication protocol based on distributed clustering where a coalitional game approach is used to stimulate the vehicles to join a cluster, and a fuzzy logic algorithm is employed to generate stable clusters by considering multiple metrics of vehicle velocity, moving pattern, and signal qualities between vehicles. A reinforcement learning algorithm with game theory based reward allocation is employed to guide each vehicle to select the route that can maximize the whole network performance. The protocol is integrated with a multi-hop data delivery virtualization scheme that works on the top of the transport layer and provides high performance for multi-hop end-to-end data transmissions. We conduct realistic computer simulations to show the performance advantage of the protocol over other approaches

Dynamic speed adaptive classified (D-SAC) data dissemination protocol for improving autonomous robot performance in VANETs

In robotics, mechanized and computer simulation for accurate and fast crash detection between general geometric models is a fundamental problem. The explanation of this problem will gravely improve driver safety and traffic efficiency, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been employed in many scenarios to provide road safety and for convenient travel of the people. They offer self-organizing decentralized environments to disseminate traffic data, vehicle information and hazardous events. In order to avoid accidents during roadway travels, which are a major burden to the society, the data, such as traffic data, vehicle data and the road condition, play a critical role. VANET is employed for disseminating the data. Still the scalability issues occur when the communication happens under high-traffic regime where the vehicle density is high. The data redundancy and packet collisions may be high which cause broadcast storm problems. Here the traffic regime in the current state is obtained from the speed of the vehicle. Thus the data reduction is obtained. In order to suppress the redundant broadcast D-SAC data, dissemination protocol is presented in this paper. Here the data are classified according to its criticality and the probability is determined. The performance of the D-SAC protocol is verified through conventional methods with simulation

Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks: Survey and Research Challenges

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a type of wireless ad hoc network that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between vehicles in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Mul ti-hop routing and beaconing approaches are two important research challenges in high mobility vehicular networks. Routing protocols are divided into two categories of topology-based and position-based routing protocols. In this article, we perform a comparative study among the existing routing solutions, which explores the main advantages and drawbacks behind their design. After implementing the representatives of geographical and topology routing protocols, we analyze the simulation results and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these routing protocols with regard to their suitability to vehicular networks. Lastly, we discuss the open issues and research directions related to VANET routing protocols.Ghafoor, KZ.; Mohammed, M.; Lloret, J.; Abu Bakar, K.; Zainuddin, ZM. (2013). Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks: Survey and Research Challenges. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 5(4):39-83. doi:10.5296/npa.v5i4.4134S39835

Fuzzy Logic Based Geocast Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

1002-1010The purpose of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is timely, effectively and efficiently transmission of urgent messages from source to destination. These objectives can be solved effectively with geocast routing approaches in VANETs as the most of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications require sending information to the vehicles belonging to a particular geographic region. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop the geocast routing protocols using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic routing (FLR) approach is used to implement the protocols. Three membership functions for each input distance, direction, speed and five membership functions for output (chance) with Mamdani fuzzy inference system (FIS) are used. MATLAB R2015a has been used to analyze the performance of developed protocols and compared with other fuzzy routing protocols in terms of PDR and delay. It has been observed that fuzzified geocast protocols developed with FLR approach outperform fuzzy based unicast protocols reported by other authors