Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Acerola (Malpighia emarginata) Leaf and Ripe Fruit Genotypes for Protection Against LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophage Cells and Their Selectivity to Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Activity

Conventionally, NSAID has been proposed to have inhibitory action against COX and therefore has traditionally been used for treatment of acute and chronic inflammation. This study aims at exploring putative anti-inflammation mechanism of acerola. Previous studies have illustrated that phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, curcumin and phenolics have COX inhibitory activities as well. However, a natural occurring selective inhibitor of COX-2 that can modulate inflammation and can overcome the limitations of drugs like aspirin is still a priority. Aspirin is known to form an irreversible and non-competitive binding to COX which proves to be a potent cardiovascular protective agent. On the other hand, irreversible binding has implications by initiating inhibition of blood platelet aggregation. Acerola has been earlier studied for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antigenotoxic and antihyperglycemic properties. In the present study, anti-inflammatory properties of acerola have been established where different genotypes of acerola fruit and leaf fractions were studied for their biological properties. A comparative study using TLC, LC-MS and bioassays using macrophages is employed to identify which groups of phytochemicals are responsible for scavenging and inflammation inhibitory effect of acerola. Initially, phytochemicals were extracted using methanolic and methanolic/acetone/water solvents which isolated different groups of compounds in two fractions, including polyphenols and a mixture of polyphenols/terpenoids, respectively. The two fractions were explored to elucidate mode of action for different acerola genotypes. Results indicated that the methanolic fractions of acerola showed higher activity exhibited suppression of ROS and partial decrease of nitric oxide levels in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. This fraction also demonstrated inhibition of enzyme expression of COX-1/2. Moreover, BRS-238, a ripe fruit genotypes of acerola had a selective action against COX-2 - confirming the hypothesis that acerola’s mode of anti-inflammatory action is through selective inhibition of COX-2

Caracterização cariotípica de Malpighia emarginata (Malpighiaceae)

Malpighia emarginata Sessé & Mociño ex DC. or West Indian cherry (acerola) is a wild plant originated in southern Mexico, Central America and the northern region of South America. The species was introduced to Brazil about 60 years ago and now the country is the world's biggest producer. Even though the fruits of acerola have high commercial value, as they are an important source of the natural vitamin C, very little chromosome information is available for this species. Previous studies showed that most Malpighia species are diploids, including M. emarginata with 2n = 20. In the present paper, the chromosome number of acerola was confirmed, and for the first time, its karyotype was described, providing the identification of the homologues for the ideogram construction. The acerola chromosomes are small (1.71 to 2.56 µm) and metacentric with the exception of chromosome 2 that is classified as submetacentric. In addition, it is recommended a protocol to produce rooted-plantlets in vitro for mitotic studies that could be also used for micropropagation of acerola.Malpighia emarginata Sessé e Mociño ex DC., ou acerola, é uma planta silvestre originada do sul do México, América Central e região norte da América do Sul. A espécie foi introduzida no Brasil há cerca de 60 anos e o País é o maior produtor mundial. Embora os frutos da acerola tenham alto valor comercial, pois são uma importante fonte natural de vitamina C, pouco se conhece sobre os cromossomos da espécie. Estudos prévios mostraram que a maioria das espécies de Malpighia é diploide, incluindo M. emarginata com 2n = 20. No presente trabalho, foi confirmado o número cromossômico da acerola e foi descrito, pela primeira vez, o seu cariótipo, provendo a identificação dos homólogos para a construção do ideograma. Os cromossomos da acerola são pequenos (1,71 a 2,56 µm) e metacêntricos, com exceção do cromossomo 2, que foi classificado como submetacêntrico. Além disso, definiu-se um protocolo para produzir plântulas enraizadas in vitro para estudos mitóticos, o qual pode, igualmente, ser usado para a micropropagação da acerola.CNP

Evaluation of Glycemic and Lipid Profile of Offspring of Diabetic Wistar Rats Treated with Malpighia emarginata Juice

Knowing that maternal diabetes is related to hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia, which affect the lipid metabolism, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Malpighia emarginata (acerola) juice on the glycemic and lipid profile of offspring of diabetic and nondiabetic Wistar rats. The adult offspring of non-diabetic dams and of dams with severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes were divided into groups: G1, offspring (of control dams) treated with water, G2, offspring (of diabetic dams) treated with water, G3, male offspring (of control dams) treated with acerola juice, and G4, male offspring (of diabetic dams) treated with acerola juice. The offspring of diabetic dams treated with acerola juice showed significantly decreased levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased HDL-c. The use of acerola juice is a potential strategy to aid in the prevention of DM and dyslipidemia and its complications or to act as an auxiliary in the treatment of these diseases

Performance and economic analysis of broilers fed diets containing acerola meal in replacement of corn

It was aimed with this research to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing increasing levels of acerola meal in replacement of corn and analyze the economic viability of that production system. A total of 980 day-old male Cobb chicks were used, allotted in a completely randomized design, with four treatments - inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of acerola meal in replacement of corn – and seven replications with 35 birds per experimental unit. The birds were weighed at 21 and 42 days of age to measure the performance data. In the period between 1 and 21 days of age, differences were observed in the feed intake and feed:gain only, in which the inclusion of acerola meal linearly decreased feed intake and improved feed:gain up to a level of 10.25%. For the total rearing period, the control treatment showed higher body weight. The feed:gain showed linear effect, worsening the results with increasing amounts of acerola meal in the diets. In the same period, there was no significant difference in feed intake and productive efficiency index. With regard to the economic analysis, it was found that the lowest final cost per broiler was observed in diets with 10% of acerola meal inclusion in replacement of corn.Objetivou-se com a pesquisa avaliar o desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de farelo de acerola em substituição ao milho e analisar a viabilidade econômica desse sistema de produção. Foram utilizados 980 pintos de corte com um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos - níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10 e 15%) de farelo de acerola em substituição ao milho - e sete repetições com 35 aves por unidade experimental. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade as aves foram pesadas para a mensuração dos dados de desempenho. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, foram observadas diferenças somente no consumo de ração e na conversão alimentar, onde a inclusão de farelo de acerola diminuiu linearmente o consumo de ração e melhorou a conversão alimentar até o nível de 10,25%. No período total de criação o tratamento controle apresentou maior peso corporal. A conversão alimentar apresentou efeito linear, piorando os resultados com o aumento da quantidade de farelo de acerola nas dietas. Nesse mesmo período, não houve diferença significativa no consumo de ração e no fator de produção. Quanto à análise econômica, verificou-se que o menor custo final por frango foi observado nas dietas com 10% de inclusão de farelo de acerola em substituição ao milho

Antioxidant capacity (ORAC FL) of frozen fruits’ pulps

The production of fruits’ pulps has reached growing regional and international market. This is basically due to the fact that they are easily available to the consumers together with the benefits of a rich diet with substantial antioxidant activity. Even more, the properties of phenolic compounds and powerful antioxidant potential of fruits are associated to the human health. This work aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of the pulps from commercial fruits (mulberry, grape, açaí, guava, strawberry, acerola, pineapple, mango, graviola, cupuaçu and passion fruit) applying the method: ORACFL. The total polyphenol content (PT), the total flavanol content (TF) and the total anthocyanin (TA) were evaluated with the object of assessing the contribution for the antioxidant capacity. The acerola and mango pulps contained a high amount of total polyphenols (580.1 and 544.9mg/100g respectively) while mulberry and grape were the pulps which presented the highest amount of anthocyanins (41.8 and 30.9 mg/100g); strawberry and acerola were the pulps that presented higher amount of flavanol (83.4 and 75.8mg/100g). In addition, higher values of flavanoles corresponded to the strawberry and acerola pulps. The antioxidant activity determined by ORAC FL in pulps of frozen fruits is presented in the following order: acerola> strawberry> mango> grape> açaí >graviola> guava> cupuaçu> passion fruit> pineapple> mulberry.La producción de pulpa de frutas en Brasil está ganando mercado tanto a nivel regional como internacional. Esto se debe a la facilidad que representa para los consumidores la adquisición del producto, unido a los beneficios de una dieta rica en compuestos antioxidantes. Las evidencias cuanto a la capacidad antioxidante de las frutas estar determinada por la presencia de los fenoles son cada vez más aceptadas, así como también, los beneficios que representan para la salud. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la capacidad antioxidante de pulpa de frutas comerciales congeladas. Fueron analizadas pulpas de mora, uva, asaí, guayaba, frutilla, acerola, piña, mango, graviola, cupuassu y maracuyá. La actividad antioxidante fue determinada por un método in vitro ampliamente utilizado: ORACFL (capacidad de absorbancia del radical oxígeno), la concentración de poli fenoles totales (PT), flavonoles totales (FT) y de pigmentos antocianinas (AT). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las pulpas de acerola y mango presentan mayor concentración de fenoles totales (580,1 y 544,9mg/100g respectivamente) mientras que las pulpas de mora y uva una mayor cantidad de antocianinas (41,8 y 30,9mg/100g respectivamente) y las pulpas de frutilla y acerola mayores valores para flavonoles (83,4 y 75,8mg/100g respectivamente). En relación a la capacidad antioxidante, en orden decreciente de actividad están: acerola > frutilla > mango > uva> asaí > graviola > guayaba > cupuassu >maracuyá > piña > mora.A produção de polpas de frutas no Brasil ganha mercado tanto em nível regional, como internacional. Este fato se deve à facilidade de aquisição pelos consumidores somados aos efeitos benéficos de uma dieta rica em compostos antioxidantes. Cada vez mais, se atribui, aos compostos fenólicos o potencial antioxidante das frutas e suas possíveis implicações benéficas à saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a capacidade antioxidante de polpas de frutos comerciais congeladas. Em polpas de amora, uva, açaí, goiaba, morango, acerola, abacaxi, manga, graviola, cupuaçu e maracujá determinou-se a atividade antioxidante aplicando um método in vitro ampliamente utilizado: ORAC FL (capacidade de absorbância do radical oxigênio), a concentração de polifenóis totais (PT), flavanóis totais (FT) e de pigmentos antociânicos (AT). Os resultados encontrados demonstram que as polpas de acerola e manga apresentaram maior concentração de fenólicos totais (580,1 e 544,9mg/100g, respectivamente), enquanto que, as polpas de amora e uva uma maior quantidade de antocianinas (41,8 e 30,9mg/100g), e as polpas de morango e acerola maiores valores de flavanóis (83,4 e 75,8mg/100g). Com respeito à capacidade antioxidante, em ordem decrescente as polpas que demonstraram maior atividade foram: acerola> morango> manga> uva> açaí>graviola> goiaba> cupuaçu> maracujá>abacaxi> amora

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Acerola (Malpighia emarginata) Leaf and Ripe Fruit Genotypes for Protection Against LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophage Cells and Their Selectivity to Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Activity

Conventionally, NSAID has been proposed to have inhibitory action against COX and therefore has traditionally been used for treatment of acute and chronic inflammation. This study aims at exploring putative anti-inflammation mechanism of acerola. Previous studies have illustrated that phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, curcumin and phenolics have COX inhibitory activities as well. However, a natural occurring selective inhibitor of COX-2 that can modulate inflammation and can overcome the limitations of drugs like aspirin is still a priority. Aspirin is known to form an irreversible and non-competitive binding to COX which proves to be a potent cardiovascular protective agent. On the other hand, irreversible binding has implications by initiating inhibition of blood platelet aggregation. Acerola has been earlier studied for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antigenotoxic and antihyperglycemic properties. In the present study, anti-inflammatory properties of acerola have been established where different genotypes of acerola fruit and leaf fractions were studied for their biological properties. A comparative study using TLC, LC-MS and bioassays using macrophages is employed to identify which groups of phytochemicals are responsible for scavenging and inflammation inhibitory effect of acerola. Initially, phytochemicals were extracted using methanolic and methanolic/acetone/water solvents which isolated different groups of compounds in two fractions, including polyphenols and a mixture of polyphenols/terpenoids, respectively. The two fractions were explored to elucidate mode of action for different acerola genotypes. Results indicated that the methanolic fractions of acerola showed higher activity exhibited suppression of ROS and partial decrease of nitric oxide levels in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. This fraction also demonstrated inhibition of enzyme expression of COX-1/2. Moreover, BRS-238, a ripe fruit genotypes of acerola had a selective action against COX-2 - confirming the hypothesis that acerola’s mode of anti-inflammatory action is through selective inhibition of COX-2

In vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidant compounds from structured fruits developed with gellan gum and agar

Funding Information: The authors acknowledge CNPq and CAPES for scholarship, and the company Pomar da Polpa for supplying the raw material used in this study. Publisher Copyright: © 2022This study aims to evaluate the bioaccessibility of antioxidant compounds of structured fruits. Samples were prepared with 50% of each pulp (mango/caja, mango/cashew apple and mango/acerola), agar and gellan gum (low acyl-LA and high acyl-HA) in LA:HA ratios of: 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50, in a concentration of 0.75%. There was a reduction in the antioxidant compounds contents after in vitro digestion. The bioaccessible ascorbic acid levels ranged from 15.10% (LA100/HA0 mango/acerola) to 71.18% (LA50/HA50 mango/cashew apple); Total Extractable Polyphenols (TEP) ranged from 24.58% (mango/caja pulp) to 75.50% (LA75/HA25 mango/acerola); antioxidant activity ranged from 21.10% (LA75/HA25 mango/caja) to 51.05% (LA75/HA25 mango/acerola). Mango/acerola ascorbic acid bioaccessibility was lower and the mango/cashew apple HA gellan gum sample antioxidant activity was higher than pulp, probably due to temperature increasing at processing. It was concluded that the agar and gellan gum (HA and LA) hydrocolloids were able to contain these compounds in the production process of the structured and during digestion, which proves the similarity of structured fruits with fresh pulps.publishersversionpublishe

USE OF MIXTURE DESIGN TO IMPROVE A TROPICAL MIXED FRUIT NECTAR

This study aimed to develop beverages of mixed nectars of tropicalfruits and to determine the best accepted formulation. The pureeblend contents were: cashew apple (12.25-21.00 g 100 g-1); acerola(1.75-10.50 g 100 g-1); and mango (12.25-21.00 g 100 g-1), varyingaccording to a mixture design. The evaluated responses were basedon physicochemical, chemical and sensorial determinations. Themodels for antioxidant activity, overall acceptance, ascorbic acidcontent, phenolic content and viscosity were statistically signifi cant(P ≤ 0.05). The formulation with 12.25 g of cashew apple puree100 g-1, 21.00 g of mango puree 100 g-1 and 1.75 g of acerola puree100 g-1 was the best accepted by the tasters. Mango and cashewapple purees must be present in a greater proportion in the mixture,since they have high fl avour acceptance. The antioxidant activity ofmixed nectars was most increased by acerola, followed by cashewapple. A high correlation was observed between antioxidant activityand acerola puree content and there was also a high correlationbetween antioxidant activity and both ascorbic acid and total phenoliccontents

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca de subprodutos da agroindústria processadora de frutas.

O trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo de resíduos de frutas derivados da extração de sucos e polpas. Foram estudados os resíduos de abacaxi, acerola, goiaba, maracujá e melão, devidamente desidratados, até que atingissem teor de umidade entre 13 e 16%. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos SRD, machos e castrados, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (resíduo das frutas), e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) expresso em: g/animal/dia, %PV e g/UTM (PV0,75), e a digestibilidade da matéria seca(DMS), tendo sido feito a análise de variância e comparação de médias. Os maiores CMS (g/animal/dia, %PV e g/UTM) foram obtidos para os resíduos de goiaba, maracujá e melão. O resíduo de acerola apresentou CMS inferior (P>0,05) a todos os outros estudados. O resíduo de maracujá apresentou DMS superior (P<0,01) aos demais resíduos e os resíduos de acerola e goiaba apresentaram a menor DMS. Portanto, os resíduos de frutas estudados podem ser utilizados na alimentação animal por apresentarem CMS e DMS semelhantes a volumosos de boa qualidade. Voluntary intake and dry matter digestibility of fruit processer agroindustry byproducts. ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of residues of the juices and pulps extraction. The residues of pineapple, acerola, guava, passion fruit and melon, were properly dehydrated, until that reached humidity between 13 and 16%. It was used 20 SRD sheeps, males and castrated in complete randomized design with five treatments (fruits residues) and four replications. It was estimaded the dry matter intake (DMI) expressed in: g/animal/day; percentage of body weigth (%BW) and g/BW0.75, and dry matter digestibility (DMD), having been made analysis of variance and average comparisons. The higher DMI (g/animal/day, %BW and g/BW0.75) was reachedto the guava, passion fruit and melon residues. Therefore acerola residue presented lesser DMI than others residues. Passion fruit residue presented higter DMD than all residues studied. The acerola and guava residues presented small DMD. The fruits residues studied can be used in animal feeding, because presented IMD and DMD similar to forages of good quality

Uptake and Conversion of Radioactive Carbon Dioxide and Glucose in the Acerola and their Relationship to Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis

A study of the fate of radiocarbon-labeled glucose and carbon dioxide in the acerola (West Indian Cherry) has shown that these substances follow patterns of conversion comparable to those observed in other plants. These substances were not preferentially incorporated into ascorbic acid by acerola fruit. Sucrose, several amino acids, and malic acid appear to compete successfully with ascorbic acid for the label from these precursors