AN EXPLICIT CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION FOR PLANE AND AXISYMMETRIC STEADY FLOWS WITH VISCOELASTIC EFFECTS

Non-Newtonian materials respond differently when submitted to shear or extension. A constitutive equation in which the stress is a function of both the rate of deformation and on the type of the flow is proposed and analyzed theoretically. It combines information obtained in shear, extension and rigid body motion in all regions of complex flow. The analysis has shown how to insert some elastic effects in a constitutive equation that depends only on the present time and position. One advantage of the model is that all the steady rheological functions in simple shear flow and in extensional flow are predicted exactly. Another important property that is included is the split of the extensional viscosity in two parts: one dissipative part that is related to the shear viscosity and an elastic part that is related to the first and second normal stress coefficients in shear. A discussion involving the dimensionless numbers that relate elastic and viscosity effects is also given

The finite-volume method in computational rheology

The finite volume method (FVM) is widely used in traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and many commercial CFD codes are based on this technique which is typically less demanding in computational resources than finite element methods (FEM). However, for historical reasons, a large number of Computational Rheology codes are based on FEM. There is no clear reason why the FVM should not be as successful as finite element based techniques in Computational Rheology and its applications, such as polymer processing or, more recently, microfluidic systems using complex fluids. This chapter describes the major advances on this topic since its inception in the early 1990’s, and is organized as follows. In the next section, a review of the major contributions to computational rheology using finite volume techniques is carried out, followed by a detailed explanation of the methodology developed by the authors. This section includes recent developments and methodologies related to the description of the viscoelastic constitutive equations used to alleviate the high-Weissenberg number problem, such as the log-conformation formulation and the recent kernel-conformation technique. At the end, results of numerical calculations are presented for the well-known benchmark flow in a 4:1 planar contraction to ascertain the quality of the predictions by this method

Dynamics of active surfaces

Mechano-chemical processes in biological systems play an important role during the morphogenesis of cells and tissues. In particular, they are responsible for the dynamic organisation of active stress, which itself results from non-equilibrium processes and leads to flows and deformations of material. The generation of active stress often occurs in thin biological structures, such as the cellular cortex or epithelial tissues, which motivates the theoretical concept of an active surface. In this thesis, we study the dynamics of curved and deforming active surfaces. More specifically, we are interested in the dynamics of mechano-chemical processes on these surfaces, as well as in their interaction with the surface shape and external forces. To study the interplay of mechano-chemical processes with shape changes of the material, we consider the fully self-organised shape dynamics using the theory of active fluids on deforming surfaces. We then develop a numerical approach to solve the corresponding force and torque balance equations. We further examine how the stability of surface shapes is affected by mechano-chemical processes. We show that the tight coupling between chemical processes and surface mechanics gives rise to the spontaneous generation of specific surface shapes, to shape oscillations and to directed surface flows that resemble peristaltic motion. In the following part, we explore the mechano-chemical self-organisation of active fluids on fixed surfaces, focussing on mechanical interactions with surrounding material. We introduce a description in which active surface flows set a surrounding passive fluid into motion. We then study two scenarios. First, inspired by the cellular cortex and its interactions with the cytoplasm, we consider a fluid that is enclosed by the surface. We find that mechanical interactions with the surrounding passive fluid enable an isotropic active surface to spontaneously generate patterns with polar asymmetry and to form a contractile ring in a fully self-organised fashion. Second, we consider the case where the passive fluid surrounds the active surface on the outside. This description leads to the model of a microswimmer, which is characterised by an onset of motion due to spontaneous symmetry breaking on the active surface. Most biological materials are viscoelastic, such that they show viscous and elastic responses if mechanical stress is applied on different time scales. In the final part of this thesis, we therefore consider a surface whose response to self-organised active stress is described by a Maxwell model. We identify a minimal time scale for the relaxation of elastic stress, beyond which spatio-temporal, mechano-chemical oscillations on the surface can spontaneously emerge. In summary, we identify and characterise in this thesis various processes that result from the self-organisation of active surfaces. The underlying coupling between surface mechanics and a chemical organisation of stress in the material represents a key feature of morphogenetic processes in biology. Furthermore, we develop several numerical approaches that will enable to study alternative constitutive relations of active surfaces in the future. Overall, we contribute theoretical insights and numerical tools to further the understanding of the emerging spatial organisation and shape generation of active surfaces.Mechanochemische Prozesse spielen eine wichtige Rolle für die Morphogenese von biologischen Zellen und Geweben. Sie sind insbesondere verantwortlich für die dynamische Organisation von aktiver mechanischer Spannung, welche Nicht-Gleichgewichtsprozessen entstammt und zu Flüssen und Verformungen von Material führt. Aktive mechanische Spannung wird häufig in dünnen biologischen Strukturen erzeugt, wie zum Beispiel dem Zellkortex oder dem Epithelgewebe, was die Einführung von aktiven Flächen als theoretisches Konzept motiviert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchen wir die Dynamik von gekrümmten und sich verformenden aktiven Flächen. Dabei interessieren wir uns insbesondere für die Dynamik mechanochemischer Prozesse auf diesen Flächen, sowie für deren Wechselwirkung mit der Flächenform und externen Kräften. Zur Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung zwischen mechanochemischen Prozessen und Flächenverformungen nutzen wir die hydrodynamische Theorie aktiver Fluide auf sich verformenden Flächen und betrachten eine vollständig selbstorganisierte Flächendynamik. Wir entwickeln eine Methode zur Bestimmung numerischer Lösungen des Kräfte- und Drehmomentgleichgewichts auf Flächen und untersuchen wie die Stabilität von Flächenformen durch mechanochemische Prozesse beeinflusst wird. Wir zeigen, dass die enge Kopplung zwischen chemischen Prozessen und der Mechanik von Flächen zur spontanen Erzeugung spezifischer Formen, zu Formoszillationen und zu gerichteten Flüssen führt, welche eine peristaltische Bewegung nachbilden. Im Folgenden untersuchen wir die mechanochemische Selbstorganisation aktiver Fluide auf festen Flächen und betrachten mechanische Wechselwirkungen mit umgebendem Material. Dazu beschreiben wir ein umgebendes passives Fluid, welches durch aktive Flüsse auf der Fläche in Bewegung versetzt wird. Im Rahmen dieser Beschreibung untersuchen wir zwei Szenarien. Inspiriert durch die Wechselwirkung des Zellkortex mit dem Zytoplasma, betrachten wir zuerst ein Fluid, welches durch die Fläche eingeschlossen wird. Wir zeigen, dass die mechanische Wechselwirkung einer isotropen, aktiven Fläche mit dem umgebenden Fluid es ermöglicht, Muster mit einer polaren Asymmetrie, sowie einen kontraktilen Ring spontan und selbstorganisiert zu bilden. Danach betrachten wir ein passives Fluid, welches die Fläche außen umgibt. Diese Beschreibung führt zu einem Modell für einen Mikroschwimmer, welcher durch eine spontane Symmetriebrechung auf der aktiven Fläche beginnt sich durch das passive Fluid zu bewegen. Die meisten biologischen Materialien verhalten sich viskoelastisch, sodass deren mechanische Antwort je nach Zeitskala einer applizierten mechanischen Spannung viskos und elastisch ausfallen kann. Im abschließenden Teil dieser Arbeit betrachten wir daher eine Fläche, deren mechanische Antwort auf aktive Spannung durch ein Maxwell-Modell beschrieben wird. Wir bestimmen eine minimale Zeitskala für die Relaxation von elastischer Spannung, welche das spontane Einsetzen räumlich-zeitlicher Oszillationen aktiver mechanischer Spannung kennzeichnet. Zusammengefasst identifizieren und charakterisieren wir in dieser Arbeit eine Reihe von Prozessen, welche der Selbstorganisation aktiver Flächen entspringen. Die zugrundeliegende Kopplung zwischen der Mechanik von Flächen und einer chemischen Organisation aktiver mechanischer Spannung stellen ein Schlüsselprinzip morphogenetischer Vorgänge in der Biologie dar. Zusätzlich entwickeln wir eine Reihe numerischer Methoden, welche es in Zukunft erlauben weitere Beschreibungen aktiver Flächen zu untersuchen. Damit trägt diese Arbeit neue theoretische Einsichten und numerische Algorithmen zur Verbesserung des Verständnisses der emergenten räumlichen Organisation und Formerzeugung aktiver Flächen bei

STEADY FLOW OF A THIN VISCOELASTIC JET

The symmetric two-dimensional flow of a thin viscoelastic fluid jet emerging from a vertical channel is examined theoretically in this study. The fluid is assumed to be a polymeric solution, modeled following the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation. The influence of inertia, elasticity and gravity in the presence of surface tension is investigated for steady flow only. Special emphasis is placed on the initial stages ofjet development. The viscoelastic boundary-layer equations are solved by expanding the flow field in terms of orthonormal shape functions. In contrast to the commonly used depth-averaging technique, the proposed method predicts the shape of the free surface, as well as the velocity and stress components within the fluid. It was found that the jet reaches the same uniform thickness regardless of Reynolds number in the absence of gravity. However, the distance to reach the uniform thickness depends on inertia. Presence of gravity enhances the jet contraction and leads to possible jet break up. Presence of surface tension tends to prohibit the contraction and flatten the jet surface. In contrast to the Newtonian flow, viscoelastic flow displays uniform flow much farther from the channel exit. Swelling is observed as Deborah number increases. The velocity and stress components profiles suggest that elasticity tends to play different role to inertia. Surface tension tends to flatten the jet surface similar to the Newtonian jet, but the stress components are not affected much in the case of a viscoelastic jet. The numerical solution is validated with experiment and good qualitative agreement is achieved

A comparison of boundary element and finite element methods for modeling axisymmetric polymeric drop deformation

A modified boundary element method (BEM) and the DEVSS-G finite element method (FEM) are applied to model the deformation of a polymeric drop suspended in another fluid subjected to start-up uniaxial extensional flow. The effects of viscoelasticity, via the Oldroyd-B differential model, are considered for the drop phase using both FEM and BEM and for both the drop and matrix phases using FEM. Where possible, results are compared with the linear deformation theory. Consistent predictions are obtained among the BEM, FEM, and linear theory for purely Newtonian systems and between FEM and linear theory for fully viscoelastic systems. FEM and BEM predictions for viscoelastic drops in a Newtonian matrix agree very well at short times but differ at longer times, with worst agreement occurring as critical flow strength is approached. This suggests that the dominant computational advantages held by the BEM over the FEM for this and similar problems may diminish or even disappear when the issue of accuracy is appropriately considered. Fully viscoelastic problems, which are only feasible using the FEM formulation, shed new insight on the role of viscoelasticity of the matrix fluid in drop deformation