Selection of Adaptive Agricultural Technologies in Digital Agriculture

As follows from the analysis of the collected experimental material of long-term field trials of the Kursk Federal Agricultural Research Centre and generalization of the activities results of leading domestic research and educational institutions, as well as the practical results of many agricultural enterprises of the eastern part of Europe, we have identified the most effective conditions for the use of basic agricultural methods in wheat cultivation technologies as well as spring and winter barley, seed peas, buckwheat, grain maize, oats, millet and winter rye cultivation technologies of different levels of intensity which contribute to the rational use of available resources of agricultural producers based on the prevailing soil and climatic conditions. The technologies made it possible to prepare scientific-methodological approaches and a mathematical model to solve the problems of selecting an adaptive technology of crops cultivation. A normative-reference database for different types of crops cultivation technologies has also been made, including a list of zoned recognized varieties and hybrids of crops under study, necessary technology methods taking into account conditions of their effective use. Currently, an algorithm and the corresponding software are being developed to choose the most expedient technology of crop cultivation for specific soil and climatic conditions depending on a set of defining factors. There has been created software (in the form of a complex of programs for stationary computers and mobile electronic devices with the Android operating system. A specialized website has been developed. It provides a scientifically well-grounded selection of crops varieties and hybrids for the eastern part of Europa on the basis of user-specified conditions

Methodology for assessing the agroecological adaptability of genotypes under global climate warming

Background. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that, despite the breeding achievements in releasing cultivars with high potential yield and resistance to the most common stressors in the regions, it is almost impossible to foresee and accurately predict the reaction of cultivars under production conditions. Besides, extreme weather events, including heat waves, droughts and downpours, will increasingly manifest themselves under global climate warming. To reduce the risk of a significant decrease in gross grain harvests in dry years and achieve high results under favorable conditions, the goal was to develop a comprehensive indicator for assessing the agroecological adaptability of genotypes to some consequences of global climate warming.Materials and methods. The results of a competitive test of 5 cultivars and 9 promising lines of spring wheat for their yield across six years contrasting in moisture availability by calculating the indicators of responsiveness to favorable conditions, grain yield depression under unfavorable conditions and the relative yield index were used to develop a complex indicator proposed to assess the agroecological adaptability of a genotype to contrasting environmental conditions.Results. The proposed method makes it possible to perform a comprehensive assessment that takes into account the responsiveness of an accession to improved agroclimatic conditions and the degree of its reaction to adverse environmental factors, taking into account the yield index in the studied set. The method is recommended for evaluating the source material and identifying the diversity of its responses to changes in agroclimatic conditions as well as for the stage of competitive variety testing in plant breeding for adaptability

Theoretical, methodological, and breeding results of the DIAS program in increasing grain production using the example of creation of a soft spring wheat variety - Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaya (origin, characteristics, economic value)

The selection of parental pairs is carried out considering their genealogical trees and the dynamics of the lim factors of the environment, in the creation area, with further hybridization, and subsequent multiple re-sowing of the population. The Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaya variety was created by selection from the F5 hybrid combination of Novosibirskaya 67 × Omskaya 9, the Interdepartmental program DIAS. The breeding record of Novosibirskaya 67 consists of 9 and Omskaya 9 – of 37 varieties, of which 19 are of winter origin. The inheritance of ear productivity, in both varieties, followed the type of complementary epistasis, with incomplete dominance and overdominance, with a large proportion, of recessive genes. In conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals, an early-ripening, yielding line was selected in F5 - Lutescens 1227-8-79, which became the ancestor of the Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaya variety. The variety has successfully passed the State variety testing and is registered in the Qostanay, North Kazakhstan and Kokchetav regions of Kazakhstan, and in the Chelyabinsk region of the Russian Federation, according to the grain quality it is included in the list of strong varieties. In the north of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaya is cultivated on large areas. This variety, as a genetic source, has a good variety-forming ability. With its participation, 6 varieties were created in the Research Institute of the Northern Trans-Urals. Of these, Tyumenskaya 29 and Grenada are registered in 9 and 10 zones of the Russian Federation. It is used in the breeding programs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Promising genetic sources for the creation of varieties of durum spring wheat in Western Siberia

The study, expansion and preservation of the genetic diversity of the source material, and its purposeful use in hybridization is the basis for the creation of adaptive varieties of durum spring wheat that are resistant to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment of Western Siberia. The objects of research were samples of durum spring wheat. Over the years of research (2000–2020), about 3 thousand samples were worked out from the world gene pool of various countries and regions: from the collection of the VIR, the gene pool from Mexico (CIMMYT) within the framework of the agreement and cooperation program (2000–2007), from 2000 to the present time under the program of the Kazakh-Siberian Spring Wheat Breeding Network (KASIB), from other scientific institutions of Russia in exchange activities. Using generally accepted techniques, the obtained material was studied for a complex of traits: yield, adaptability, grain quality, resistance to diseases. In the cycle of studying the gene pool from CIMMYT, 50 genotypes were identified in terms of yield at the level of the Omskaja jantarnaja standard, 276 grains by test weight, 131 samples by pasta color, 131 samples by resistance to hard smut, and 112 by resistance to powdery mildew. Almost all samples were not affected by leaf rust. The study set showed high sensitivity to extreme conditions and most forms of interest in quality and disease resistance were low-productive in our environment. In KASIB nurseries, 29 samples were identified in terms of yield and adaptability, 29 samples in terms of grain quality, 21 in terms of resistance to diseases, including 8 resistant to stem rust. In the set of varieties received from the VIR, 15 genotypes were adaptive, 16 had high grain quality, 11 were resistant to stem rust. In the breeding material, 17 samples of the local population resistant to stem rust (6 of them were comprehensively resistant) and 25 race-resistant to Ug99 were identified. The genotypes identified as a result of research are of interest as sources of valuable traits

Adaptive potential of spring durum wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf.) under the conditions of Primorsky Territory

Background. The research goal was to study spring durum wheat cultivars from different regions of Russia to select those that were most adapted to the conditions of Primorsky Territory and had high yield and grain quality.Materials and methods. The adaptive potential of 16 genotypes was determined through multi-environment trials at the Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika in 2017–2021.Results. Considerable potential for high productivity was revealed in the cultivars: ‘Solnechnaya 573’ (3.9 t/ha), ‘Donskaya elegiya’ (3.8 t/ha), ‘Lyudmila’ (3.8 t/ha), ‘Omskii izumrud’ (3.8 t/ha), and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (3.8 t/ha). Cvs. ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ (–2.1), ‘Zhemchuzhina Sibiri’ (–2.4), and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (–2.4) displayed significant stress resistance. ‘Lyudmila’ (4.2) and ‘Donskaya elegiya’ (4.0) had high genetic plasticity and produced high yields in the years with favorable conditions. The adaptability coefficient of cvs. ‘Solnechnaya 573’ (112.5%) and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (111.0%) exceeded 100%. ‘Donskaya elegiya’, ‘Lyudmila’, ‘Aleiskaya’, and ‘Voronezhskaya 9’ demonstrated the highest plasticity (bi &gt; 1). The most stable cultivars were ‘Omskii tsirkon’ (S2di – 0.00), ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ (S2di – 0.02), ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (S2di – 0.04), ‘Aleiskaya’ (S2di – 0.05), ‘Nikolasha’ (S2di – 0.06), and ‘Omskaya biryuza’ (S2di – 0.08). ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ and ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ were able to produce an increased yield and had the minimum yield loss under unfavorable conditions (the indicator of the yield stability of the cultivars was 134.9 and 144.8, respectively). ‘Pamyati Yanchenko’ (4.8 and 1.9, respectively) and ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ (3.5 and 2.0, respectively) showed high homeostatic capacity and breeding value.Conclusions. ‘Voronezhskaya 7’ and ‘Solnechnaya 573’ were selected on the basis of complex evaluation for yield and adaptability under the local conditions. They can be recommended for further breeding and production

Variability and interrelation of the main breeding traits of the winter soft wheat quality

Wheat bread rightfully belongs to the greatest inventions of mankind. The concept of wheat quality is very capacious and includes a wide range of characteristics: physical, chemical, rheological and consumer, which are in complex relationships with each other. The main purpose of soft wheat is the manufacture of bakery products. In this regard, the actual task of science is the creation and introduction into production of new varieties with high baking properties. The purpose of the research is to study the variability and relationships of quality traits; identification of the best varieties for use in the breeding process. It was found that the most strongly varying features were the specific work of deformation of the dough (11.7%) and the coefficient of the ratio of dough elasticity to extensibility (23.5%). The results of a correlation analysis on the conjugation of the characteristics of the quality of grain, flour and baking properties are presented. The quality of bread significantly depended on the volumetric yield of bread (r=0.9118) and the specific work of dough deformation (r=0.5119). A significant positive, strong relationship was found between the content of protein and gluten in the grain (r=0.8471). New varieties and lines of winter soft wheat of intensive type, distinguished by a complex of studied traits: the new variety Privolye, lines 1518/18 and 1401/19, are recommended to be used in the breeding process aimed at improving the quality of winter soft wheat grain

Yield, plasticity, stability and homeostasis of spring barley cultivars in the Non-Black Earth Region

Background. The expansion of agrometeorological factors negatively affecting the productivity of spring barley has oriented plant breeders towards developing adaptable forms capable of realizing their genetic potential for higher yield under unfavorable conditions. Applying several methods of statistical data analysis helps to perform a more accurate assessment of the material differentiated according to its adaptability indicators. The objective of this study was to assess the adaptability of spring barley cultivars on the basis of their yield, plasticity, stability and homeostasis.Materials and methods. The resulting data were obtained for ten spring barley cultivars developed at Nemchinovka FRC.Results. High yield potential of more than 8.5 t/ha was disclosed in barley cultivars ‘Yaromir’, ‘Nur’, ‘Nadezhny’, ‘Sudar’, ‘Zlatoyar’ and ‘Znatny’. Cvs. ‘Luboyar’, ‘Nadezhny’ and ‘Rafael’ showed the highest adaptability to the worst growing conditions (4.65–5.04 t/ha) as well as high adaptive and compensatory ability. Cvs. ‘Sudar’, ‘Nur’ and ‘Zlatoyar’ were identified for high environmental plasticity (Cvi = 24.1–25.9%; bi = 1.02–1.16; σ = 1.52–1.59), while ‘Lyuboyar’, ‘Znatny’ and ‘Vladimir’ for their stability parameters (S2di = 0.05–0.19; σ2CACi = 1.60–1.78; σ2(G×E)gi = 0.05–0.15). The highest values of homeostasis (BVGi = 3.45– 3.53; CSLi = 138.7–139.4; Homi = 9.02–9.85) were registered for cvs. ‘Rafael’ and ‘Lyuboyar’. The calculated rating of the tested cultivars identified ‘Nadezhny’ as the best in productivity, while ‘Zlatoyar’ was the best in environmental plasticity. The highest levels of stability and homeostasis were recorded for cvs. ‘Rafael’ and ‘Lyuboyar’.Conclusion. Comprehensive assessment of productivity and adaptability indicators in the tested spring barley cultivars showed that ‘Lyuboyar’, ‘Nadezhny’, ‘Zlatoyar’ and ‘Rafael’ were the best under the conditions of the Non-Black Earth Region

Allelic Variation at the Vernalization Response (Vrn-1) and Photoperiod Sensitivity (Ppd-1) Genes and Their Association With the Development of Durum Wheat Landraces and Modern Cultivars

Wheat adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions is mostly determined by allelic diversity within genes controlling vernalization requirement (Vrn-1) and photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd-1). We characterized a panel of 151 durum wheat Mediterranean landraces and 20 representative locally adapted modern cultivars for their allelic composition at Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 gene using diagnostic molecular markers and studied their association with the time needed to reach six growth stages under field conditions over 6 years. Compared with the more diverse and representative landrace collection, the set of modern cultivars were characterized by a reduction of 50% in the number of allelic variants at the Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 genes, and the high frequency of mutant alleles conferring photoperiod insensitivity at Ppd-A1, which resulted on a shorter cycle length. Vrn-A1 played a greater role than Vrn-B1 in regulating crop development (Vrn-A1 > Vrn-B1). The results suggest that mutations in the Vrn-A1 gene may have been the most important in establishing the spring growth habit of Mediterranean landraces and modern durum cultivars. The allele Vrn-A1d, found in 10 landraces, delayed development. The relative effects of single Vrn-A1 alleles on delaying the development of the landraces were vrn-A1 = Vrn-A1d > Vrn-A1b > Vrn-A1c. Allele vrn-B1 was present in all except two landraces and in all modern cultivars. The null allele at Ppd-A1 (a deletion first observed in the French bread wheat cultivar ‘Capelle-Desprez’) was found for the first time in durum wheat in the present study that identified it in 30 landraces from 13 Mediterranean countries. Allele Ppd-A1a (GS105) was detected in both germplasm types, while the allele Ppd-A1a (GS100) was found only in modern North American and Spanish cultivars. The relative effect of single Ppd-A1 alleles on extending phenological development was Ppd-A1(DelCD) > Ppd-A1b > Ppd-A1a (GS105) > Ppd-A1a (GS100). Sixteen Vrn-1+Ppd-1 allelic combinations were found in landraces and six in modern cultivars, but only three were common to both panels. Differences in the number of days to reach anthesis were 10 days in landraces and 3 days in modern cultivars. Interactive effects between Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 genes were detected.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global changes in cultivated area and breeding activities of durum wheat from 1800 to date: A historical review

Durum wheat is grown globally on 13.5 million ha in 2020/2021, which amounts to 6.2% of the wheat area. It is assumed that in the past it was more important, but the extent of that importance is unknown. In this work, a historical estimation of the durum wheat area globally was carried out, based on data of the main cultivating countries. Many of the data from the earliest period were based on percentage to all wheat. During the nineteenth century, the percentage of durum wheat to all wheat globally was around 14–16%. However, throughout the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, in America (USA, Canada, Argentina), Asia (Russia, China, India), and Australia, new land was sown with bread wheat, and therefore the percentage of durum wheat fell steadily to 7–9% from 1950 to 2005, and to 6–7% since then. For many years, Russia was the country with more durum wheat cultivation, with around six million ha in the period 1910–1940. Turkey, Italy, Algeria, and India were also big historical players regarding cultivation of this crop. Currently, Canada, Algeria, Italy, and Turkey have the largest durum wheat acreage. The main breeding activities and the future of durum wheat are discussed