Modelamiento y control de un sistema de tráiler autónomo

Se propone una solución mediante un sistema de control de robot móvil tipo tráiler aplicado a una empresa que se encarga del transporte de material, y se demuestra que es una solución aplicable y viable. Se definió un modelo matemático que consiste en integrar dos técnicas de control: lineal LQR y lógica difusa. Se muestran resultados favorables del sistema de control y seguimiento de trayectoria, y se señalan las mejoras que se tienen al integrar ambas técnicas de control y que el sistema es capaz de responder correctamente a fin de guiar al robot por cualquier tipo de trayectoria

A survey on the design space of end-user-oriented languages for specifying robotic missions

Mobile robots are becoming increasingly important in society. Fulfilling complex missions in different contexts and environments,robots are promising instruments to support our everyday live. As such, the task of defining the robot’s missionis moving from professional developers and roboticists to the end-users. However, with the current state-of-the-art, definingmissions is non-trivial and typically requires dedicated programming skills. Since end-users usually lack such skills, manycommercial robots are nowadays equipped with environments and domain-specific languages tailored for end-users. As such,the software support for defining missions is becoming an increasingly relevant criterion when buying or choosing robots.Improving these environments and languages for specifying missions toward simplicity and flexibility is crucial. To this end,we need to improve our empirical understanding of the current state-of-the-art of such languages and their environments. Inthis paper, we contribute in this direction. We present a survey of 30 mission specification environments for mobile robots thatcome with a visual and end-user-oriented language. We explore the design space of these languages and their environments,identify their concepts, and organize them as features in a feature model. We believe that our results are valuable to practitionersand researchers designing the next generation of mission specification languages in the vibrant domain of mobilerobots

Migration from Teleoperation to Autonomy via Modular Sensor and Mobility Bricks

In this thesis, the teleoperated communications of a Remotec ANDROS robot have been reverse engineered. This research has used the information acquired through the reverse engineering process to enhance the teleoperation and add intelligence to the initially automated robot. The main contribution of this thesis is the implementation of the mobility brick paradigm, which enables autonomous operations, using the commercial teleoperated ANDROS platform. The brick paradigm is a generalized architecture for a modular approach to robotics. This architecture and the contribution of this thesis are a paradigm shift from the proprietary commercial models that exist today. The modular system of sensor bricks integrates the transformed mobility platform and defines it as a mobility brick. In the wall following application implemented in this work, the mobile robotic system acquires intelligence using the range sensor brick. This application illustrates a way to alleviate the burden on the human operator and delegate certain tasks to the robot. Wall following is one among several examples of giving a degree of autonomy to an essentially teleoperated robot through the Sensor Brick System. Indeed once the proprietary robot has been altered into a mobility brick; the possibilities for autonomy are numerous and vary with different sensor bricks. The autonomous system implemented is not a fixed-application robot but rather a non-specific autonomy capable platform. Meanwhile the native controller and the computer-interfaced teleoperation are still available when necessary. Rather than trading off by switching from teleoperation to autonomy, this system provides the flexibility to switch between the two at the operator’s command. The contributions of this thesis reside in the reverse engineering of the original robot, its upgrade to a computer-interfaced teleoperated system, the mobility brick paradigm and the addition of autonomy capabilities. The application of a robot autonomously following a wall is subsequently implemented, tested and analyzed in this work. The analysis provides the programmer with information on controlling the robot and launching the autonomous function. The results are conclusive and open up the possibilities for a variety of autonomous applications for mobility platforms using modular sensor bricks

Métodos inteligentes de navegação e desvio de obstáculos

This work has as objective the implementation and the use of intelligent methods for navigation and obstacles avoidance, being based on a simulator previously constructed, which is the initial point for the creation of a practical application in the real world. However to obtain this objective, it crosses diverse areas of the knowledge as computation, computational vision, programming, mathematical logic, electronic, artificial intelligence and automation and control. The proposal is to use an intelligent vehicle, in this case, a remote-control car, controlled for radio frequency, obstacles, for example, small balls of tennis and a target. The place where these objects are situated is called "field of tests". Software is created with the intention of control and automation, this vehicle, by means of techniques of artificial intelligence, it must cover the field of tests, deviating from the obstacles and reach the target. The vehicle is monitored by a camera, located on the area of tests, and receives the commands from the software of control, installed in the computer, through its remote control, in which the communication is made way radio frequency.Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo e a aplicação de métodos inteligentes para navegação e desvio de obstáculos, baseando-se em um simulador previamente construído, o qual é o ponto inicial para a criação de uma prática para aplicação no mundo real. Entretanto para conseguir este objetivo, o trabalho atravessa diversas áreas do conhecimento como computação, visão computacional, programação, lógica matemática, eletrônica, inteligência artificial e automação e controle. A proposta é usar um veículo inteligente, nesse caso um carro de controle remoto, controlado por rádio freqüência, obstáculos, como por exemplo, bolinhas de tênis e um alvo. O local, onde esses objetos estão situados, é denominado “campo de testes”. Através de um software, criado com o propósito de controle e automação, este veículo, por meio de técnicas de inteligência artificial, deve percorrer o campo de testes, desviando dos obstáculos e atingir o alvo. O veiculo é monitorado por uma câmera, localizada acima da área de testes, e recebe os comandos do software de controle, instalado no computador, através de seu controle remoto, na qual a comunicação é feita via radiofreqüência

A generic architecture style for self-adaptive cyber-physical systems

Die aktuellen Konzepte zur Gestaltung von Regelungssystemen basieren auf dynamischen Verhaltensmodellen, die mathematische Ansätze wie Differentialgleichungen zur Ableitung der entsprechenden Funktionen verwenden. Diese Konzepte stoßen jedoch aufgrund der zunehmenden Systemkomplexität allmählich an ihre Grenzen. Zusammen mit der Entwicklung dieser Konzepte entsteht eine Architekturevolution der Regelungssysteme. In dieser Dissertation wird eine Taxonomie definiert, um die genannte Architekturevolution anhand eines typischen Beispiels, der adaptiven Geschwindigkeitsregelung (ACC), zu veranschaulichen. Aktuelle ACC-Varianten, die auf der Regelungstheorie basieren, werden in Bezug auf ihre Architekturen analysiert. Die Analyseergebnisse zeigen, dass das zukünftige Regelungssystem im ACC eine umfangreichere Selbstadaptationsfähigkeit und Skalierbarkeit erfordert. Dafür sind kompliziertere Algorithmen mit unterschiedlichen Berechnungsmechanismen erforderlich. Somit wird die Systemkomplexität erhöht und führt dazu, dass das zukünftige Regelungssystem zu einem selbstadaptiven cyber-physischen System wird und signifikante Herausforderungen für die Architekturgestaltung des Systems darstellt. Inspiriert durch Ansätze des Software-Engineering zur Gestaltung von Architekturen von softwareintensiven Systemen wird in dieser Dissertation ein generischer Architekturstil entwickelt. Der entwickelte Architekturstil dient als Vorlage, um vernetzte Architekturen mit Verfolgung der entwickelten Designprinzipien nicht nur für die aktuellen Regelungssysteme, sondern auch für selbstadaptiven cyber-physischen Systeme in der Zukunft zu konstruieren. Unterschiedliche Auslösemechanismen und Kommunikationsparadigmen zur Gestaltung der dynamischen Verhalten von Komponenten sind in der vernetzten Architektur anwendbar. Zur Bewertung der Realisierbarkeit des Architekturstils werden aktuelle ACCs erneut aufgenommen, um entsprechende logische Architekturen abzuleiten und die Architekturkonsistenz im Vergleich zu den originalen Architekturen basierend auf der Regelungstheorie (z. B. in Form von Blockdiagrammen) zu untersuchen. Durch die Anwendung des entwickelten generischen Architekturstils wird in dieser Dissertation eine künstliche kognitive Geschwindigkeitsregelung (ACCC) als zukünftige ACC-Variante entworfen, implementiert und evaluiert. Die Evaluationsergebnisse zeigen signifikante Leistungsverbesserungen des ACCC im Vergleich zum menschlichen Fahrer und aktuellen ACC-Varianten.Current concepts of designing automatic control systems rely on dynamic behavioral modeling by using mathematical approaches like differential equations to derive corresponding functions, and slowly reach limitations due to increasing system complexity. Along with the development of these concepts, an architectural evolution of automatic control systems is raised. This dissertation defines a taxonomy to illustrate the aforementioned architectural evolution relying on a typical example of control application: adaptive cruise control (ACC). Current ACC variants, with their architectures considering control theory, are analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the future automatic control system in ACC requires more substantial self-adaptation capability and scalability. For this purpose, more complicated algorithms requiring different computation mechanisms must be integrated into the system and further increase system complexity. This makes the future automatic control system evolve into a self-adaptive cyber-physical system and consistitutes significant challenges for the system’s architecture design. Inspired by software engineering approaches for designing architectures of software-intensive systems, a generic architecture style is proposed. The proposed architecture style serves as a template by following the developed design principle to construct networked architectures not only for the current automatic control systems but also for self-adaptive cyber-physical systems in the future. Different triggering mechanisms and communication paradigms for designing dynamic behaviors are applicable in the networked architecture. To evaluate feasibility of the architecture style, current ACCs are retaken to derive corresponding logical architectures and examine architectural consistency compared to the previous architectures considering the control theory (e.g., in the form of block diagrams). By applying the proposed generic architecture style, an artificial cognitive cruise control (ACCC) is designed, implemented, and evaluated as a future ACC in this dissertation. The evaluation results show significant performance improvements in the ACCC compared to the human driver and current ACC variants

Uma arquitetura de controle para robos cooperativos

Orientadores: Marcel Bergerman, Heloisa Vieira da RochaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Sistemas multi-robóticos tendem a tomar-se cada vez mais presentes no cotidiano das pessoas, seja na forma de robôs independentes que, para conviverem em um mesmo ambiente, devem se organizar como um sistema único, seja devido à eficiência e confiabilidade que robôs cooperativos possuem. As vantagens que sistemas multi-robóticos podem oferecer são atingidas através de uma programação relativamente complexa. Arquiteturas de controle para robôs são ferramentas que auxiliam a programação destes sistemas. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a implantação de uma arquitetura de controle para robôs cooperativos. Adotou-se como metodologia a definição dos requisitos desejados para a arquitetura, o estudo das arquiteturas existentes na literatura, a adoção daquela que mais se adequa aos requisitos deste projeto, e sua extensão de forma a atender a todos os requisitos propostos. A validação experimental da arquitetura consiste na implementação de um sistema multi-robótico envolvendo dois robôs móveis para a realização de uma tarefa cooperativa. Nesta tarefa, um dos robôs é o líder e deve guiar o segundo até a posição destino. O segundo robô não é capaz de navegar sozinho e deve seguir o líder. A principal contribuição deste projeto é a implantação de uma arquitetura para o desenvolvimento de sistemas multi-robóticos em projetos realizados pela comunidade de robótica no país.Abstract: Systems composed of several robots tend to become ever more present in people's lives. Such systems may come in the form of independent robots, which must be organized as a collective in order to coexist in the same environment, or of efficient and dependable cooperative robots. The advantages that multi-robot systems offer are reached through a relatively complex programming. Robot control architectures are tools that ease one's job of programming these systems. In this thesis our objective is to build a control architecture for cooperating robots. The methodology consists of defining the requisites of the architecture, surveying the literature for the existing ones, selecting the one that is most suitable with respect to the requisites, and extending it to make it attend all of them. The architecture is validated experimentally on a multi-robot system composed of two mobile robots working on a cooperative task. In this task, one of the robots is the leader and must guide the other one to their destination. The second robot lacks the capability to navigate on its own and must follow the leader. The main contribution of this work is the development of a control architecture for multi-robot systems for the Brazilian robotics community.MestradoMestre em Ciência da Computaçã

Advances in Robot Navigation

Robot navigation includes different interrelated activities such as perception - obtaining and interpreting sensory information; exploration - the strategy that guides the robot to select the next direction to go; mapping - the construction of a spatial representation by using the sensory information perceived; localization - the strategy to estimate the robot position within the spatial map; path planning - the strategy to find a path towards a goal location being optimal or not; and path execution, where motor actions are determined and adapted to environmental changes. This book integrates results from the research work of authors all over the world, addressing the abovementioned activities and analyzing the critical implications of dealing with dynamic environments. Different solutions providing adaptive navigation are taken from nature inspiration, and diverse applications are described in the context of an important field of study: social robotics