A Neural Network Model for the Development of Simple and Complex Cell Receptive Fields Within Cortical Maps of Orientation and Ocular Dominance

Prenatal development of the primary visual cortex leads to simple cells with spatially distinct and oriented ON and OFF subregions. These simple cells are organized into spatial maps of orientation and ocular dominance that exhibit singularities, fractures, and linear zones. On a finer spatial scale, simple cells occur that are sensitive to similar orientations but opposite contrast polarities, and exhibit both even-symmetric and odd-symmetric receptive fields. Pooling of outputs from oppositely polarized simple cells leads to complex cells that respond to both contrast polarities. A neural network model is described which simulates how simple and complex cells self-organize starting from unsegregated and unoriented geniculocortical inputs during prenatal development. Neighboring simple cells that are sensitive to opposite contrast polarities develop from a combination of spatially short-range inhibition and high-gain recurrent habituative excitation between cells that obey membrane equations. Habituation, or depression, of synapses controls reset of cell activations both through enhanced ON responses and OFF antagonistic rebounds. Orientation and ocular dominance maps form when high-gain medium-range recurrent excitation and long-range inhibition interact with the short-range mechanisms. The resulting structure clarifies how simple and complex cells contribute to perceptual processes such as texture segregation and perceptual grouping.Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-92-J-0334); British Petroleum (BP 89A-1204); National Science Foundation (IRI-90-24877); Office of Naval Research (N00014-91-J-4100); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0409

Modeling the Possible Influences of Eye Movements on the Refinement of Cortical Direction Selectivity

The second-order statistics of neural activity was examined in a model of the cat LGN and V1 during free-viewing of natural images. In the model, the specific patterns of thalamocortical activity required for a Bebbian maturation of direction-selective cells in VI were found during the periods of visual fixation, when small eye movements occurred, but not when natural images were examined in the absence of fixational eye movements. In addition, simulations of stroboscopic reming that replicated the abnormal pattern of eye movements observed in kittens chronically exposed to stroboscopic illumination produced results consistent with the reported loss of direction selectivity and preservation of orientation selectivity. These results suggest the involvement of the oculomotor activity of visual fixation in the maturation of cortical direction selectivity

Linking Visual Cortical Development to Visual Perception

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0409); National Science Foundation (IRI-97-20333); Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0657

Gain control from beyond the classical receptive field in primate primary visual cortex

Gain control is a salient feature of information processing throughout the visual system. Heeger (1991, 1992) described a mechanism that could underpin gain control in primary visual cortex (VI). According to this model, a neuron's response is normalized by dividing its output by the sum of a population of neurons, which are selective for orientations covering a broad range. Gain control in this scheme is manifested as a change in the semisaturation constant (contrast gain) of a VI neuron. Here we examine how flanking and annular gratings of the same or orthogonal orientation to that preferred by a neuron presented beyond the receptive field modulate gain in V1 neurons in anesthetized marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). To characterize how gain was modulated by surround stimuli, the Michaelis-Menten equation was fitted to response versus contrast functions obtained under each stimulus condition. The modulation of gain by surround stimuli was modelled best as a divisive reduction in response gain. Response gain varied with the orientation of surround stimuli, but was reduced most when the orientation of a large annular grating beyond the classical receptive field matched the preferred orientation of neurons. The strength of surround suppression did not vary significantly with retinal eccentricity or laminar distribution. In the mannoset, as in macaques (Angelucci et al., 2002a,b), gain control over the sort of distances reported here (up to 10 deg) may be mediated by feedback from extrastriate areas

A Neural Model of How the Cortical Subplate Coordinates the Laminar Development of Orientation and Ocular Dominance Maps

Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-98-1-0108, F49620-0 1-1-0397); Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0409); National Science Foundation (IIS-97-20333); Office of Naval Research (N00014-01-1-0624

Binding of Object Representations by Synchronous Cortical Dynamics Explains Temporal Order and Spatial Pooling Data

A key problem in cognitive science concerns how the brain binds together parts of an object into a coherent visual object representation. One difficulty that this binding process needs to overcome is that different parts of an object may be processed by the brain at different rates and may thus become desynchronized. Perceptual framing is a mechanism that resynchronizes cortical activities corresponding to the same retinal object. A neural network model based on cooperation between oscillators via feedback from a subsequent processing stage is presented that is able to rapidly resynchronize desynchronized featural activities. Model properties help to explain perceptual framing data, including psychophysical data about temporal order judgments. These cooperative model interactions also simulate data concerning the reduction of threshold contrast as a function of stimulus length. The model hereby provides a unified explanation of temporal order and threshold contrast data as manifestations of a cortical binding process that can rapidly resynchronize image parts which belong together in visual object representations.Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-92-J-0225, F49620-92-J-0334, F49620-92-J-0499); Office of Naval Research (N00014-92- J-4015, N00014-91-J-4100

Linking Visual Development and Learning to Information Processing: Preattentive and Attentive Brain Dynamics

National Science Foundation (SBE-0354378); Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0657

A Theoretical Analysis of the Influence of Fixational Instability on the Development of Thalamocortical Connectivity

Under natural viewing conditions, the physiological inotability of visual fixation keeps the projection of the stimulus on the retina in constant motion. After eye opening, chronic exposure to a constantly moving retinal image might influence the experience-dependent refinement of cell response characteristics. The results of previous modeling studies have suggested a contribution of fixational instability in the Hebbian maturation of the receptive fields of V1 simple cells (Rucci, Edelman, & Wray, 2000; Rucci & Casile, 2004). This paper presents a mathematieal explanation of our previous computational results. Using quasi-linear models of LGN units and V1 simple cells, we derive analytical expressions for the second-order statistics of thalamocortical activity before and after eye opening. We show that in the presence of natural stimulation, fixational instability introduces a spatially uncorrelated signal in the retinal input, whieh strongly influences the structure of correlated activity in the model

Neuron analysis of visual perception

The receptive fields of single cells in the visual system of cat and squirrel monkey were studied investigating the vestibular input affecting the cells, and the cell's responses during visual discrimination learning process. The receptive field characteristics of the rabbit visual system, its normal development, its abnormal development following visual deprivation, and on the structural and functional re-organization of the visual system following neo-natal and prenatal surgery were also studied. The results of each individual part of each investigation are detailed