Design of Model For Restructure Transformation of Public Sector

Public sector such as Govt. University composed of many physical as well logical threads, which are very beneficial for public to provide services. Over times due to repeated modification of software modules, the structure of the system deteriorates and it become very complex to understand for further modification whenever requirement need to provide services to public, because it is universal truth after specific time period there is need of modification to fulfill the requirement for public. And if we repeat to modify the software module, then it is very complicated just like noodles in chowmin plate and program structure is twisted and tangled. Due to this program structure greatly decrease the scalability, reliability, efficiency, robustness and increased the complexity of software module. And it also increased the maintenance cost of software module, therefore repeated modification is not a good choice. Reengineering is good choice for this. Therefore, in this paper we will introduced a new methodology that is known as pattern based reengineer methodology, that is not only focus on only logical thread, but also focus on physical entities - reduce overall complexity. It is proved that the transformation does not alter the semantic of restructured program

Focus Issue on Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Change: Migrating Large-Scale Legacy Systems to Component-Based and Object Technology: The Evolution of a Pattern Language

The process of developing large-scale business critical software systems must boost the productivity both of the users and the developers of software, while at the same time responding flexibly to changing business requirements in the face of sharpening competition. Historically, these two forces were viewed as mutually hostile. Component-based software development using object technology promises a way of mediating the apparent contradiction. This paper presents a successful new approach which focuses primarily on the architecture of the software system to migrate an existing system to a new form. Best practice is captured by software patterns that address not only the design, but also the process and organizational issues. The approach was developed through four completed, successful live projects in different business and technical areas. It resulted in a still-evolving pattern language called ADAPTOR (Architecture-Driven and Pattern-based Techniques for Object Re-engineering). This article outlines the approach that underlies ADAPTOR. It challenges popular notions of legacy systems by emphasizing business requirements. Architectural approaches to migration are then contrasted with traditional reverse engineering approaches, including the weakness of reverse engineering in the face of paradigm shifts. The evolution of the ADAPTOR pattern language is outlined with a brief history of the projects from which the patterns were abstracted

Developing Legacy System Migration Methods and Tools for Technology Transfer

This paper presents the research results of an ongoing technology transfer project carried out in coopera- tion between the University of Salerno and a small software company. The project is aimed at developing and transferring migration technology to the industrial partner. The partner should be enabled to migrate monolithic multi-user COBOL legacy systems to a multi-tier Web-based architecture. The assessment of the legacy systems of the partner company revealed that these systems had a very low level of decompos- ability with spaghetti-like code and embedded control flow and database accesses within the user interface descriptions. For this reason, it was decided to adopt an incremental migration strategy based on the reengineering of the user interface using Web technology, on the transformation of interactive legacy programs into batch programs, and the wrapping of the legacy programs. A middleware framework links the new Web-based user interface with the Wrapped Legacy System. An Eclipse plug-in, named MELIS (migration environment for legacy information systems), was also developed to support the migration process. Both the migration strategy and the tool have been applied to two essential subsystems of the most business critical legacy system of the partner company

Soil and Tree Nutrient Status of High Elevation Mixed Red Spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and Broadleaf Deciduous Forests

Abstract: Anthropogenic and industrial emissions have resulted in historically high levels of acidic deposition into central Appalachian forests. Despite the reduction in acidic inputs due to legislation curbing industrial emissions in the United States, continued N deposition may impact forest ecosystems. Soil and foliar samples were collected from four high elevation red spruce sites along a modeled gradient of historic N deposition. The three most abundant tree species at all sites, Acer rubrum L., Betula alleghaniensis Britt., and Picea rubens Sarg., were sampled. Bulk soil beneath the canopies of individual trees were collected from the top 15-cm and separated into organic and mineral fractions for analysis. Mehlich-III soil extracts of soil fractions and foliar digests from these trees were subjected to elemental analysis. Soil N concentrations supported the presence of a N deposition gradient: in organic horizon soil fractions, N concentrations were driven by precipitation volume and elevation; whereas in mineral soil fractions, N concentration was explained by modeled N deposition rate and elevation. In organic fractions, significant reductions in Ca, K, and P were evident as N deposition increased, whereas the Ca:Sr ratio increased. Foliar Ca, K, and Sr declined in foliage with increasing N deposition, with concomitant increases in foliar Ca:Sr ratios. Although the three species were sympatric in mixed stands at all four sites, the foliar–soil nutrient associations differed among them across the gradient, indicating differential uptake and cycling of nutrients/metals by these forest tree species

A Planning Approach to Migrating Domain-specific Legacy Systems into Service Oriented Architecture

The planning work prior to implementing an SOA migration project is very important for its success. Up to now, most of this kind of work has been manual work. An SOA migration planning approach based on intelligent information processing methods is addressed to semi-automate the manual work. This thesis will investigate the principle research question: “How can we obtain SOA migration planning schemas (semi-) automatically instead of by traditional manual work in order to determine if legacy software systems should be migrated to SOA computation environment?”. The controlled experiment research method has been adopted for directing research throughout the whole thesis. Data mining methods are used to analyse SOA migration source and migration targets. The mined information will be the supplementation of traditional analysis results. Text similarity measurement methods are used to measure the matching relationship between migration sources and migration targets. It implements the quantitative analysis of matching relationships instead of common qualitative analysis. Concretely, an association rule and sequence pattern mining algorithms are proposed to analyse legacy assets and domain logics for establishing a Service model and a Component model. These two algorithms can mine all motifs with any min-support number without assuming any ordering. It is better than the existing algorithms for establishing Service models and Component models in SOA migration situations. Two matching strategies based on keyword level and superficial semantic levels are described, which can calculate the degree of similarity between legacy components and domain services effectively. Two decision-making methods based on similarity matrix and hybrid information are investigated, which are for creating SOA migration planning schemas. Finally a simple evaluation method is depicted. Two case studies on migrating e-learning legacy systems to SOA have been explored. The results show the proposed approach is encouraging and applicable. Therefore, the SOA migration planning schemas can be created semi-automatically instead of by traditional manual work by using data mining and text similarity measurement methods

Business rules based legacy system evolution towards service-oriented architecture.

Enterprises can be empowered to live up to the potential of becoming dynamic, agile and real-time. Service orientation is emerging from the amalgamation of a number of key business, technology and cultural developments. Three essential trends in particular are coming together to create a new revolutionary breed of enterprise, the service-oriented enterprise (SOE): (1) the continuous performance management of the enterprise; (2) the emergence of business process management; and (3) advances in the standards-based service-oriented infrastructures. This thesis focuses on this emerging three-layered architecture that builds on a service-oriented architecture framework, with a process layer that brings technology and business together, and a corporate performance layer that continually monitors and improves the performance indicators of global enterprises provides a novel framework for the business context in which to apply the important technical idea of service orientation and moves it from being an interesting tool for engineers to a vehicle for business managers to fundamentally improve their businesses

Parcus: Energy-Aware and Robust Parallelization of AUTOSAR Legacy Applications

Embedded multicore processors are an attractive alternative to sophisticated single-core processors for the use in automobile electronic control units (ECUs), due to their expected higher performance and energy efficiency. Parallelization approaches for AUTOSAR legacy software exploit these benefits. Nevertheless, these approaches focus on extracting performance neglecting the system's worst-case sensor/actuator latency and energy consumption. This paper presents Parcus, an energy-and latency-aware parallelization technique that combines both runnable-and tasklevel parallelism. Parcus explicitly models the traversal of data from sensor to actuator through task instances, enabling to consider the latency imposed by parallelization techniques. The parallel schedule quality (PSQ) metric quantifies the success of the parallelization, for which it takes the latency and the processor frequency into account. We demonstrate the applicability of Parcus with an automotive case study. The results show that Parcus can fully utilize the processor's energy-saving potential.This research received funding from the EU FP7 no. 287519 (parMERASA), the ARTEMIS-JU no. 621429 (EMC2), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Nutrient Cycling-Tree Species Relationships in Appalachian Forests

Since the colonization of North America by Europeans, ecosystems in Appalachia and across the continent have been in a prolonged state of flux. Areas particularly rich in natural resources, such as Appalachia, have historically borne the brunt of these swift changes, often with devastating consequences. Downwind of much of the power generation facilities of the Ohio Valley, Appalachian forests have been geographically predisposed to high rates of acidic deposition, a circumstance mitigated by the passage of Clean Air Legislation beginning in the 1970s. Nevertheless, decades of elevated nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) inputs had a profound impact on the ecology and biogeochemistry of these forests. While inputs of these important plant nutrients can provide fertilization effects on plant life, the acidic N and S forms deposited in precipitation also result in a variety of negative outcomes. Plant nutrition can be influenced by acidic inputs in a variety of ways, including modifications to decomposition processes. Microbially-mediated decomposition results in the liberation of nutrients from organically-bound, often recalcitrant forms. When nutrients are abundant due to acidic deposition or by tree species effects such as N fixation and/or readily decomposable low C/N litter, decomposition processes may be suppressed. Since extracellular soil enzymes (ESEs)–the biomolecules responsible for mediating many of the rate-limiting transformations in terrestrial nutrient cycling–are metabolically expensive, and their synthesis and activities tend to be suppressed under nutrient fertilization. In Chapter 2, I present a literature review of ESE activities in the context of their ecosystem function and responses to disturbance, such as different types of pollution episodes, including acidic deposition. In addition to alterations to forest soil decomposition processes, acidic deposition may have other consequences on forest biogeochemistry. Poorly-buffered forest soils are particularly vulnerable to losses of essential nutrient cations, overriding any potential benefits from plant fertilization effects. In addition, the liberation of phytotoxic aluminum cations in an acidifying soil substrate can be extremely detrimental to plant growth. I hypothesize in Chapter 3 that I will observe declines in soil and foliar nutrient element concentrations as modeled estimates of cumulative historic N deposition in high-elevation red spruce forests increase. Likewise, Chapter 4 considers the effects of acidic deposition in the same ecosystem, testing the hypothesis that ESE activities will decline in concert with a legacy fertilization effect still present in high elevation red spruce forest soils. Lastly, I examine the relationships between plant functional guilds and soil processes using the Stand Initiation and Diversity Experiment (SIDE) at Point Pleasant, West Virginia. I hypothesize that I will observe differences in ESEs in plots dominated by different functional guilds of woody tree species: those bearing arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses, ectomycorrhizal symbioses, and those capable of fixing N. This research will investigate the interplay between anthropogenic disturbances to ecosystem processes, legacy effects due to historic disturbances, tree species effects on ecosystem processes, and the role of tree species functional guilds on ESE profile and decomposition. Observing the effects of past disturbances will provide insight on the nature of contemporary and future changes to natural systems

Building Enterprise Transition Plans Through the Development of Collapsing Design Structure Matrices

The United States Air Force (USAF), like many other large enterprises, has evolved over time, expanded its capabilities and has developed focused, yet often redundant, operational silos, functions and information systems (IS). Recent failures in enterprise integration efforts herald a need for a new method that can account for the challenges presented by decades of increases in enterprise complexity, redundancy and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) costs. Product or system-level research has dominated the study of traditional Design Structure Matrices (DSMs) with minimal coverage on enterprise-level issues. This research proposes a new method of collapsing DSMs (C-DSMs) to illustrate and mitigate the problem of enterprise IS redundancy while developing a systems integration plan. Through the use of iterative user constraints and controls, the C-DSM method employs an algorithmic and unbiased approach that automates the creation of a systems integration plan that provides not only a roadmap for complexity reduction, but also cost estimates for milestone evaluation. Inspired by a recent large IS integration program, an example C-DSM of 100 interrelated legacy systems was created. The C-DSM method indicates that if a slow path to integration is selected then cost savings are estimated to surpass integration costs after several iterations

Pattern-based multi-cloud architecture migration

Many organizations migrate on-premise software applications to the cloud. However, current coarse-grained cloud migration solutions have made such migrations a non transparent task, an endeavor based on trial-anderror. This paper presents Variability-based, Pattern-driven Architecture Migration .V-PAM), a migration method based on (i) a catalogue of fine-grained service-based cloud architecture migration patterns that target multi-cloud, (ii) a situational migration process framework to guide pattern selection and composition, and (iii) a variability model to structure system migration into a coherent framework. The proposed migration patterns are based on empirical evidence from several migration projects, best practice for cloud architectures and a systematic literature review of existing research. Variability-based, Pattern-driven Architecture Migration allows an organization to (i) select appropriate migration patterns, (ii) compose them to define a migration plan, and (iii) extend them based on the identification of new patterns in new contexts. The patterns are at the core of our solution, embedded into a process model, with their selection governed by a variability model