Master of Science

thesisDuring the Arctic winter and spring, enhanced levels of aerosol particles and trace gases form a pronounced haze originating primarily from industrial pollutants transported into the region. The haze rapidly dissipates during the late spring as pollution transport is inhibited and meteorological conditions favor pollutant removal. Prior ground based studies have found that aerosols associated with the "Arctic haze" have the potential to indirectly alter Arctic cloud surface radiative forcing in both the solar and thermal IR bands. While satellites have been used extensively to study the indirect effects of aerosols on clouds in lower latitude regions, they rarely are employed in Arctic studies. One limitation of using satellites to study aerosols and clouds is that they do not provide retrievals of aerosol concentrations under cloudy conditions nor do they resolve aerosol vertical profiles; co-location of aerosol and cloud fields is therefore impossible. The ubiquitous nature of Arctic clouds makes the common practice of comparing cloud properties to aerosol in nearby cloud free regions a difficult task in the Arctic, providing little information about aerosol-cloud interactions. Here, in order to circumvent these concerns, passive satellite cloud property retrievals are co-located horizontally, vertically and temporally with pollution tracers from a Lagrangian particle dispersion transport model. The advantage of this analysis approach is that clouds and pollution are compared where they are affected by the same meteorological conditions. This means that pollution can be treated as an independent variable affecting cloud properties. Cloud properties from low level liquid clouds north of 65 °N are colocated with fields of pollution tracer during the period March 20 to July 20, 2008. The analysis shows a high sensitivity of cloud optical depth and droplet effective radius to the anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution tracers. Furthermore, the cloud sensitivity to pollution is evaluated under different thermodynamic and physical constraints. Results of the analysis show a strong indication of wet-scavenging reducing the effects of pollution on clouds at warmer temperatures. Additionally, the sensitivity to pollution is higher for cloud optical depth than for droplet effective radius, suggesting that some sort of feedback process amplifies the radiative response through changes in liquid water path

Studies of satellite support to weather modification in the western US region

The applications of meteorological satellite data to both summer and winter weather modification programs are addressed. Appraisals of the capability of satellites to assess seedability, to provide real-time operational support, and to assist in the post-experiment analysis of a seeding experiment led to the incorporation of satellite observing systems as a major component in the Bureau of Reclamations weather modification activities. Satellite observations are an integral part of the South Park Area cumulus experiment (SPACE) which aims to formulate a quantitative hypothesis for enhancing precipitation from orographically induced summertime mesoscale convective systems (orogenic mesoscale systems). Progress is reported in using satellite observations to assist in classifying the important mesoscale systems, and in defining their frequency and coverage, and potential area of effect. Satellite studies of severe storms are also covered

Aerosol Indirect Effects on the Nighttime Arctic Ocean Surface from Thin, Predominantly Liquid Clouds

Aerosol indirect effects have potentially large impacts on the Arctic Ocean surface energy budget, but model estimates of regional-scale aerosol indirect effects are highly uncertain and poorly validated by observations. Here we demonstrate a new way to quantitatively estimate aerosol indirect effects on a regional scale from remote sensing observations. In this study, we focus on nighttime, optically thin, predominantly liquid clouds. The method is based on differences in cloud physical and microphysical characteristics in carefully selected clean, average, and aerosol-impacted conditions. The cloud subset of focus covers just approximately 5 % of cloudy Arctic Ocean regions, warming the Arctic Ocean surface by approximately 1-1.4 W m(exp -2) regionally during polar night. However, within this cloud subset, aerosol and cloud conditions can be determined with high confidence using CALIPSO and CloudSat data and model output. This cloud subset is generally susceptible to aerosols, with a polar nighttime estimated maximum regionally integrated indirect cooling effect of approximately 0.11 W m(exp 2) at the Arctic sea ice surface (approximately 8 % of the clean background cloud effect), excluding cloud fraction changes. Aerosol presence is related to reduced precipitation, cloud thickness, and radar reflectivity, and in some cases, an increased likelihood of cloud presence in the liquid phase. These observations are inconsistent with a glaciation indirect effect and are consistent with either a deactivation effect or less-efficient secondary ice formation related to smaller liquid cloud droplets. However, this cloud subset shows large differences in surface and meteorological forcing in shallow and higher-altitude clouds and between sea ice and open-ocean regions. For example, optically thin, predominantly liquid clouds are much more likely to overlay another cloud over the open ocean, which may reduce aerosol indirect effects on the surface. Also, shallow clouds over open ocean do not appear to respond to aerosols as strongly as clouds over stratified sea ice environments, indicating a larger influence of meteorological forcing over aerosol microphysics in these types of clouds over the rapidly changing Arctic Ocean

The scavenging processes controlling the seasonal cycle in Arctic sulphate and black carbon aerosol

This is the final version of the article. Available from European Geosciences Union via the DOI in this record.The seasonal cycle in Arctic aerosol is typified by high concentrations of large aged anthropogenic particles transported from lower latitudes in the late Arctic winter and early spring followed by a sharp transition to low concentrations of locally sourced smaller particles in the summer. However, multi-model assessments show that many models fail to simulate a realistic cycle. Here, we use a global aerosol microphysics model (GLOMAP) and surface-level aerosol observations to understand how wet scavenging processes control the seasonal variation in Arctic black carbon (BC) and sulphate aerosol. We show that the transition from high wintertime concentrations to low concentrations in the summer is controlled by the transition from ice-phase cloud scavenging to the much more efficient warm cloud scavenging in the late spring troposphere. This seasonal cycle is amplified further by the appearance of warm drizzling cloud in the late spring and summer boundary layer. Implementing these processes in GLOMAP greatly improves the agreement between the model and observations at the three Arctic ground-stations Alert, Barrow and Zeppelin Mountain on Svalbard. The SO4 model-observation correlation coefficient (R) increases from:-0.33 to 0.71 at Alert (82.5 N), from-0.16 to 0.70 at Point Barrow (71.0 N) and from-0.42 to 0.40 at Zeppelin Mountain (78 N). The BC model-observation correlation coefficient increases from-0.68 to 0.72 at Alert and from-0.42 to 0.44 at Barrow. Observations at three marginal Arctic sites (Janiskoski, Oulanka and Karasjok) indicate a far weaker aerosol seasonal cycle, which we show is consistent with the much smaller seasonal change in the frequency of ice clouds compared to higher latitude sites. Our results suggest that the seasonal cycle in Arctic aerosol is driven by temperature-dependent scavenging processes that may be susceptible to modification in a future climate. © 2012 Author(s).JB was funded by a studentship from the Natural Environment Research Council and by the Met Office through a CASE partnership. KC is a Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award holder. We would like to thank Neil Gordon for providing low cloud satellite climatologies from the MODIS satellite and Dr Graham Mann for his comments and assistance. The authors acknowledge the Canadian National Atmospheric Chemistry (NAtChem) Database and its data contributing agencies/ organizations for the provision of the Sulphate mass data for the years 2000–2002, used in this publication. The agency responsible for all data contributions from the the NAtChem Database is the Canadian Arctic aerosol programme. The authors acknowledge and thank the scientists and data-providers of the Norwegian institute of air research (NILU), the National ocean and atmospheric administration (NOAA) and the EMEP observation network for the provision of BC and sulphate mass data used in this publication

Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions in Regimes of Liquid Water Clouds

Despite large efforts and decades of research, the scientific understanding of how aerosols impact climate by modulating microphysical cloud properties is still low and associated radiative forcing estimates (RFaci ) vary with a wide spread. But since anthropogenically forced aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) are considered to oppose parts of the global warming, it is crucial to know their contribution to the total radiative forcing in order to improve climate predictions. To obtain a better understanding and quantification of ACI and the associated radiative effect it as been suggested to use concurrent measurements and observationally constrained model simulations. In this dissertation a joint satellite-reanalysis approach is introduced, bridging the gap between climate models and satellite observations in a bottom-up approach. This methodology involves an observationally constrained aerosol model, refined and concurrent multi-component satellite retrievals, a state-of-the-art aerosol activation parameteriza- tion as well as radiative transfer model. This methodology is shown here to be useful for a quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of ACI and for estimating RFaci . As a result, a 10-year long climatology of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) (particles from which cloud droplets form) is produced and evaluated. It is the first of its kind providing 3-D CCN concentrations of global coverage for various supersaturations and aerosol species and offering the opportunity to be used for evaluation in models and ACI studies. Further, the distribution and variability of the resulting cloud droplet numbers and their susceptibility to changes in aerosols is explored and compared to previous estimates. In this context, an analysis by cloud regime has been proven useful. Last but not least, the computation and analysis of the present-day regime-based RFaci represents the final conclusion of the bottom-up methodology. Overall, this thesis provides a comprehensive assessment of interactions and uncertainties related to aerosols, clouds and radiation in regimes of liquid water clouds and helps to improve the level of scientific understanding

Incremental testing of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 4.7

This paper describes the scientific and structural updates to the latest release of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system version 4.7 (v4.7) and points the reader to additional resources for further details. The model updates were evaluated relative to observations and results from previous model versions in a series of simulations conducted to incrementally assess the effect of each change. The focus of this paper is on five major scientific upgrades: (a) updates to the heterogeneous N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> parameterization, (b) improvement in the treatment of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), (c) inclusion of dynamic mass transfer for coarse-mode aerosol, (d) revisions to the cloud model, and (e) new options for the calculation of photolysis rates. Incremental test simulations over the eastern United States during January and August 2006 are evaluated to assess the model response to each scientific improvement, providing explanations of differences in results between v4.7 and previously released CMAQ model versions. Particulate sulfate predictions are improved across all monitoring networks during both seasons due to cloud module updates. Numerous updates to the SOA module improve the simulation of seasonal variability and decrease the bias in organic carbon predictions at urban sites in the winter. Bias in the total mass of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) is dominated by overpredictions of unspeciated PM<sub>2.5</sub> (PM<sub>other</sub>) in the winter and by underpredictions of carbon in the summer. The CMAQv4.7 model results show slightly worse performance for ozone predictions. However, changes to the meteorological inputs are found to have a much greater impact on ozone predictions compared to changes to the CMAQ modules described here. Model updates had little effect on existing biases in wet deposition predictions

Exploring post-cold frontal moisture transport in an idealized extratropical cyclone study

2016 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Moisture transport in extratropical cyclones (ETCs) has been studied in the past in the context of the warm conveyor belt (WCB), a 'conveyor belt' transferring moisture from the warm sector boundary layer to the free troposphere both eastward and poleward of the warm front. Recent research has highlighted a different, potentially important mechanism of transporting water vapor in ETCs by post-cold frontal (PCF) clouds. PCF clouds are typically boundary layer cumulus clouds located in the cold sector of an ETC that transfer moisture to the free troposphere through convective-evaporative processes. Recent studies have suggested that these PCF cumuli may vertically transport nearly equivalent amounts of moisture as the WCB. Therefore, not only are these PCF cumuli important in venting the PCF boundary layer, they also play a role in limiting the amount of moisture available for convergence in the source region of the WCB. This limitation can have important consequences for regional weather and climate through its impact on the timing and location of precipitation, the three-dimensional redistribution of water vapor, and the distribution of clouds within ETCs. The goal of this study is to investigate the role of PCF clouds in the moisture transport of an ETC, and the impacts of environmental factors such as SST and aerosol loading on this transport role. We have achieved this goal through the use of numerical simulations of such a storm system. Previous studies have utilized model simulations with relatively coarse grid resolutions and convective parameterization schemes. Here, we simulate a wintertime ETC over the Pacific Ocean using high spatial and temporal resolution, advanced microphysics and explicitly resolved convection. The results of this research demonstrate that PCF cumuli are found to vertically ventilate BL moisture over an expansive region behind the cold front. The free tropospheric moisture contents and stability profile of the cold sector exert a strong control over the size, depth and frequency of the PCF clouds, and varies with distance from the cold front. Increased aerosol loading results in the invigoration of the PCF clouds. This is associated with an increase in the upward vertical moisture flux, increased cloud condensate formation, and reduced precipitation rates. Sea surface temperature is found to be a significantly more important factor in the development of PCF cumuli than aerosol loading, where increasing SSTs are associated with increased cloud fraction, cloud top heights, and precipitation rates. The impact of PCF clouds on vertically redistributing water vapor from the cold sector is found to depend in varying degrees on the large-scale advection of water vapor by the ETC system, the surface evaporation rates, the updraft velocities, the precipitation rates, and the cloud fraction within the PCF region. The pathways of the vertically redistributed water vapor within the ETC were then examined through the use of massless, passive tracers. The results of these experiments show that the water vapor lofted out of the PCF BL by the cumulus clouds is advected hundreds of kilometers eastward within 8-12 hours of release of tracers in the PCF BL. Furthermore, cross frontal transport from behind the cold front to the WCB source region appears to be small, in contradiction to previously hypothesized results. This is due to the fact that the cold frontal boundary provides a zone of strong vertical lifting that does not allow tracers to converge further east

Investigating Aerosol Effects on Clouds, Precipitation and Regional Climate in US and China by Means of Ground-based and Satellite Observations and a Global Climate Model

Aerosols affect climate by scattering/absorbing radiation and by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or ice nuclei (IN). One of the least understood but most significant aspects of climate change is the aerosol effect on cloud and precipitation. A hypothesis has recently been proposed that, in addition to reducing cloud effective radius and suppressing precipitation, aerosols may also modify the thermodynamic structure of deep convective clouds and lead to enhanced precipitation when complex thermodynamic processes are involved. Taking advantage of the long-term and extensive ground-based observations at the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site, we thoroughly tested such a hypothesis and provide direct evidence of it. Moreover, the hypothesis is also supported by analysis of satellite-based observations over tropical regions from multiple sensors in the A-Train satellites constellation. Extensive analyses of the long-term ground-based and large-scale data reveal significant increases in rain rate or frequency and cloud top heights with increasing aerosol loading for mix-phase deep convective clouds, decreases rain frequency for low liquid clouds, but little impact on cloud height for liquid clouds. Rigorous tests are conducted to investigate any potential artifacts and influences of meteorological conditions. Large-scale circulation patterns and monsoon systems can be changed by scattering and absorption of solar radiation by aerosols. By means of model simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (NCAR/CCM3), we found that the increase of aerosol loading in China contributes to circulation changes, leading to more frequent occurrence of fog events in winter as observed from meteorological records. The increase in atmospheric aerosols over China heats the atmosphere and generates a cyclonic circulation anomaly over eastern-central China. This circulation anomaly leads to a reduction in the influx of dry and cold air over that area during winter. Weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon system may also contribute to these changes. All these changes favor the formation and maintenance of fog over this region. The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol products used in the above studies are validated using ground-based measurements from the Chinese Sun Hazemeter Network (CSHNET). Overall, substantial improvement was found in the current version of aerosol products relative to the previous one. At individual sites, the improvement varies with surface and atmospheric conditions