Hybrid NarrowBand-internet of things protocol for real time data optimization

The level of dependence on data communication in the modern era is increasing exponentially. The internet of things (IoT) plays a very important role in the advancement of the industrial revolution 4.0 that utilizes data communication systems. IoT deployments require data communication protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) as well as network communication protocols (wireless) to meet the network needs of devices with limited resources. Optimization of data communication in IoT is needed to maintain the quality of sending and receiving data in real time. This research proposes a hybrid NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) protocol designed using NarrowBand communication network technology with optimization of data communication using MQTT and HTTP protocols. In this research, the hybrid NB-IoT protocol has the best packet loss value of 0.010% against the HTTP NB-IoT protocol which has a value of 0.017%, and the MQTT NB-IoT protocol of 0.024%. The hybrid NB-IoT protocol has a latency value of 8.7 seconds compared to the HTTP NB-IoT protocol which has a latency of 10.9 seconds. Meanwhile, the throughput value of the hybrid NB-IoT protocol is 158906.1 byte/s and is better than the MQTT NB-IoT protocol which is only 158898.6 bytes/s

Performance of narrow band internet of things (NBIoT) networks

Narrow Band Internet of Things (NBIoT) is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology that has been standardised by 3GPP in Release 13 to work in cellular networks [15]. The main characteristics of NBIoT are its extended coverage compared to other cellular technologies such as LTE; its high capacity is due to its narrow channel bandwidth of 180 KHz, which also supports the possibility of these devices having a long battery life of up to 10 years, as well as low device complexity - all of which result in low device costs [2]. NBIoT can be deployed in one of three different options, namely: a) standalone, b) in-band and c) guard band deployment mode. These characteristics of NBIoT makes it very useful in the IoT industry, allowing the technology to be used in a wide range of applications, such as health, smart cities, farming, wireless sensor networks and many more [1] [25]. NBIoT can be used to realise the maximum possible spectral efficiency, thereby increasing the capacity of the network. Penetration of NBIoT in the market has dominated other LPWANs like Sigfox and LoRA, with NBIoT having a technology share of close to 50 percent [31]. This study is aimed at exploring the deployment options of NBIoT and determining how network operators can realise the greatest value for their investment by efficiently utilising their allocated spectrum. The main target is to derive the best parameter combination for deployment of the NBIoT network with acceptable error rates in both the uplink and the downlink. Different characteristics of NBIoT were discussed in this study, and the performance of the various approaches investigated to determine their efficiency in relation to the needs of the IoT industry. The error rates of NBIoT, when used in an existing LTE network, were the main focus of this study. Software simulations were used to compare the different parameter settings to see which options provide the best efficiency and cost trade-offs for structuring an NBIoT network. The results of the tests done in this study showed that the error rates are lower for standalone deployment mode than for in-band mode, which is mainly due to less interference in standalone mode than in in-band mode. The results also show that data transmitted in smaller Transport Block Size (TBS) in the Down Link (DL) has less errors than if it’s transmitted in larger blocks. The results also show that the error rate gets lower as the number of subframe repetition increases in the downlink, which is mainly due to the redundancy in sending the same data multiple times. However in the uplink, the results show that the error rates are comparable when the signal has poor quality

Coverage and Deployment Analysis of Narrowband Internet of Things in the Wild

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is gaining momentum as a promising technology for massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). Given that its deployment is rapidly progressing worldwide, measurement campaigns and performance analyses are needed to better understand the system and move toward its enhancement. With this aim, this paper presents a large scale measurement campaign and empirical analysis of NB-IoT on operational networks, and discloses valuable insights in terms of deployment strategies and radio coverage performance. The reported results also serve as examples showing the potential usage of the collected dataset, which we make open-source along with a lightweight data visualization platform.Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Communications Magazine (Internet of Things and Sensor Networks Series

Tools and Technologies for the Development of Cyber-Physical Systems

Smart grid is a new revolution in the energy sector in which the aging utility grid will be replaced with a grid that supports two-way communication between customers and the utility company. There are two popular smart-grid reference architectures. NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology) has drafted a reference architecture in which seven domains and actors have been identified. The second reference architecture is elaborated by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), which is an extension of the NIST model where a new domain named distributed energy resources has been added. This chapter aims at identifying the use of IoT and IoT-enabled technologies in the design of a secure smart grid using the ETSI reference model. Based on the discussion and analysis in the chapter, the authors offer two collaborative and development frameworks. One framework draws parallels' between IoT and smart grids and the second one between smart grids and edge computing. These frameworks can be used to broaden collaboration between the stakeholders and identify research gaps. </p

TIMBANGAN BERAS DIGITAL BERBASIS NARROWBAND INTERNET OF THINGS

Proses pendataan perkiraan produksi beras masih dilakukan dengan cara konvensional melalui survei lapangan oleh petugas dengan metode ubinan berbasis kerangka sampel area. Cara ini membutuhkan biaya tinggi dan waktu yang lama. Untuk mempercepat proses pendataan ini dibutuhkan teknologi dengan kemampuan konektivitas berdaya rendah ke sejumlah perangkat yang tersebar di wilayah geografis yang luas dengan biaya rendah. Salah satu  teknologi alternatif adalah teknologi Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). Penelitian ini mengembangkan sebuah sistem timbangan beras digital berbasis NB-IoT. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kinerja modul SIM7000E dalam pengiriman data pada jaringan NB-IoT. Komponen utama sistem adalah SIM7000E untuk menghubungkan sistem dengan jaringan NB-IoT dan mengirim data ke mqtt broker, dan load cell untuk membaca berat beras yang tervalidasi stabil. Dalam eksperimen, data 10,100,250 dan 512 byte dikirimkan oleh SIM7000E pada tiga kuat sinyal 9,99, 13,99, dan 16,99 receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu pengiriman berkurang untuk ukuran data dari 10 byte sampai 512 byte jika ukuran kuat sinyal bertambah dari 9,99 - 16,99 RSSI, dan waktu pengiriman bertambah untuk semua ukuran kuat sinyal jika ukuran data bertambah dari 10 byte sampai 512 byte. Nilai berat beras yang tampil pada LCD dan yang terkirim ke mqtt broker adalah data berat beras yang tervalidasi stabil oleh system. Penyesuaian atau penggantian sandi, APN (Access Point Name) dan nilai kalibrasi faktor timbangan dapat dilakukan tanpa harus melakukan penggantian program yang telah tersimpan pada mikrokontroler

Low complexity physical layer security approach for 5G internet of things

Fifth-generation (5G) massive machine-type communication (mMTC) is expected to support the cellular adaptation of internet of things (IoT) applications for massive connectivity. Due to the massive access nature, IoT is prone to high interception probability and the use of conventional cryptographic techniques in these scenarios is not practical considering the limited computational capabilities of the IoT devices and their power budget. This calls for a lightweight physical layer security scheme which will provide security without much computational overhead and/or strengthen the existing security measures. Here a shift based physical layer security approach is proposed which will provide a low complexity security without much changes in baseline orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) architecture as per the low power requirements of IoT by systematically rearranging the subcarriers. While the scheme is compatible with most fast Fourier transform (FFT) based waveform contenders which are being proposed in 5G especially in mMTC and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), it can also add an additional layer of security at physical layer to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)

An overview of internet of things

The internet of things is an emerging technology that is currently present in most processes and devices, allowing to improve the quality of life of people and facilitating the access to specific information and services. The main purpose of the present article is to offer a general overview of internet of things, based on the analysis of recently published work. The added value of this article lies in the analysis of the main recent publications and the diversity of applications of internet of things technology. As a result of the analysis of the current literature, internet of things technology stands out as a facilitator in business and industrial performance but above all in improving the quality of life. As a conclusion to this document, the internet of things is a technology that can overcome the challenges in terms of security, processing capacity and data mobility, as long as the development related to other technologies follows its expected course