A Survey of Techniques For Improving Energy Efficiency in Embedded Computing Systems

Recent technological advances have greatly improved the performance and features of embedded systems. With the number of just mobile devices now reaching nearly equal to the population of earth, embedded systems have truly become ubiquitous. These trends, however, have also made the task of managing their power consumption extremely challenging. In recent years, several techniques have been proposed to address this issue. In this paper, we survey the techniques for managing power consumption of embedded systems. We discuss the need of power management and provide a classification of the techniques on several important parameters to highlight their similarities and differences. This paper is intended to help the researchers and application-developers in gaining insights into the working of power management techniques and designing even more efficient high-performance embedded systems of tomorrow

Power Management Techniques for Data Centers: A Survey

With growing use of internet and exponential growth in amount of data to be stored and processed (known as 'big data'), the size of data centers has greatly increased. This, however, has resulted in significant increase in the power consumption of the data centers. For this reason, managing power consumption of data centers has become essential. In this paper, we highlight the need of achieving energy efficiency in data centers and survey several recent architectural techniques designed for power management of data centers. We also present a classification of these techniques based on their characteristics. This paper aims to provide insights into the techniques for improving energy efficiency of data centers and encourage the designers to invent novel solutions for managing the large power dissipation of data centers.Comment: Keywords: Data Centers, Power Management, Low-power Design, Energy Efficiency, Green Computing, DVFS, Server Consolidatio

Dynamic Frequency Scaling Regarding Memory for Energy Efficiency of Embedded Systems

Memory significantly affects the power consumption of embedded systems as well as performance. CPU frequency scaling for power management could fail in optimizing the energy efficiency without considering the memory access. In this paper, we analyze the power consumption and energy efficiency of an embedded system that supports dynamic scaling of frequency for both CPU and memory access. The power consumption of the CPU and the memory is modeled to show that the memory access rate affects the energy efficiency and the CPU frequency selection. Based on the power model, a method for frequency selection is presented to optimize the power efficiency which is measured using Energy-Delay Product (EDP). The proposed method is implemented and tested on a commercial smartphone to achieve about 3.3% - 7.6% enhancement comparing with the power management policy provided by the manufacturer in terms of EDP

PLECO: New energy-aware programming languages and eco-systems for the Internet of Things

This paper outlines the aims of the Programming Language ECO-system (PLECO) to create new energy-aware programming languages and eco-systems for the Internet of Things (IoT). It builds upon the Lantern language and focuses on energy-awareness, security, resilience and communications for the large infrastructure underpinning the next generation of IoT. The paper outlines how IoT applications and deployments need to be developed in an energy-aware, secure and cost-effective manner using new secure, robust and energy-focused programming languages and the importance of taking such an approach

Voltage, throughput, power, reliability, and multicore scaling

This article studies the interplay between the performance, energy, and reliability (PER) of parallel-computing systems. It describes methods supporting the meaningful cross-platform analysis of this interplay. These methods lead to the PER software tool, which helps designers analyze, compare, and explore these properties

Energy Complexity for Sorting Algorithms in Java

This study extends the concept of time complexity to energy, i.e., energy complexity, by showing a strong correlation between time complexity and energy consumption for sorting algorithms: Bubble Sort, Counting Sort, Merge Sort and Quick Sort, written in Java and run on single kernels. We investigate the correlation between wall time and time complexity, as well as the correlation between energy consumption and wall time. The primary finding is that time complexity can be used as a guideline to estimate the energy consumption of O(n*n), O(nlog(n)) and O(n + k) sorting algorithms. The secondary finding is that the inputs producing the theoretical worst cases for Merge Sort and Bubble Sort did not produce the worst case wall time nor the worst case energy consumption

LAPORAN PENELITIAN_MODEL IMPLEMENTASI SIKAP INDIVIDU TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN E-WASTE DENGAN PENDEKATAN GREEN COMPUTING

Masalah sampah elektronik telah menjadi perhatian serius bagi seluruh negara di dunia karena kandungan dalam sampah elektronik dan peralatan elektronik ini yaitu merkuri, timbal, kromium, kadmium, arsenik, perak, kobalt, palladium, tembaga dan lainnya, sangatlah berbahaya baik bagi ekosistem maupun kesehatan atau kehidupan manusia, hewan dan tanaman. Oleh karena itu, sampah elektronik tersebut dikategorikan sebagai bahan beracun dan berbahaya. Dari beberapa hasil penelitian tersebut di atas jelas bahwa masalah e-waste tidak bisa diserahkan kepada negara itu sendiri namun telah menjadi urusan regional dan internasional, akar permasalahan sangatlah kompleks baik soal kemiskinan, pembangunan dan degradasi lingkungan yang membutuhkan pendekatan-pendekatan dalam melindungi ekosistem. Dalam rangka itulah dibutuhkan penelitian untuk mengetahui sikap, perilaku, pengetahuan, dan kekuatan-kekuatan sosial lainnya dalam mengelola sampah elektronik melalui theory of Planned Behaviour dengan pendekatan green computing. Permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana respon atau tanggapan masyarakat terhadap larangan membuang sampah e-waste ke media lingkungan hidup dan bagaimana implementasi partisipasi individu dalam pengelolaan e-waste dengan pendekatan green computing. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode campuran yaitu kualitaif dan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode mixmethods atau metode campuran antara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Analisa dengan pendekatan survey dan populasi penelitian ini adalah semua Rumah tangga yang berkaitan dengan e-waste dalam kehidupan sehari hari seperti peralatan elektronik Handphone,TV, LCD, Komputer di kota Semarang. Responden diambil sebanyak 200 orang dengan teknik sampling yaitu Multi stage random sampling, dari Kecamatan, kelurahan, RW dan RT, ke kepala Rumah Tangga dan pengambilan sampel secara accidental sampling. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah Structural Equation Modelling PLS dengan uji reliabilitas dan uji validitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh antara intensi terhadap norma subyektif sikap, dan ada pengaruh antara PBC (planned Behaviour Control) terhadap norma subyektif sikap. Dari kedua variabel dapat disimpulkan bahwa intensi sikap masyarakat semarang untuk mengolah sampah elektronik secara proporsional yang tidak merusak lingungan dan kesehatan cukup baik. Namun demikian perilaku masyarakat terhadap pengelohan sampah elektronik sangat dipengaruhi oleh persepsi lingkungan sosial baik dari keluarga, kerabat atau kekukatan-kekuatan sosial lainnya. Dan hal ini menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif. Partisipasi individu dalam pengelolaan sampah elektronik rumah tangga dengan pendekatan green computing masih mendasarkan pada petunjuk dari perusahaan, bukan atas dasar kesadaran untuk memilih peralatan elektronik termasuk komputer yang hemat energi. Pengelolaan sampah elektronik masih mendasarkan pada sikap yang tradisional yaitu: dibuang, didaur ulang, digunakan kembali dengan cara mengganti komponen-komponen yang rusak. Pendekatan green computing belum memberikan korelasi yang positif terhadap masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan prinsip extended producers responsibility perlu diterapkan secara sungguh-sungguh melalui kebijakan pemerintah. Kata kunci: Sikap Individu, Pengelolaan Sampah Elektronik, Green Computin