Upgrading Spatial Cadastres in Australia and New Zealand: Functions, Benefits & Optimal Spatial Uncertainty

Successful economies rely on effective land administration and cadastral systems.The Cadastre 2034 strategies of Australia and New Zealand jointly seek to provide “a cadastral system that enables people to readily and confidently identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land and real property”. An important component of each jurisdiction’s cadastral system is the ‘Spatial Cadastre’; being a geo-located spatial representation of cadastral boundaries in that jurisdiction. This is delivered online to an increasingly wide variety of users and serves multiple purposes. Spatial Cadastres that are fit-for-purpose will be critical to achieving the Cadastre 2034 strategies

An investigation into LandXML for implementation of 3D Cadastre in eSurvey

With the rapid growth of urban environments including the increasing complexity of infrastructures, there is an urgent need to develop more innovative and efficient land administration systems. Many countries, including Australia, are now developing and implementing three dimensional (3D) cadastral frameworks to address these situations, but capturing and registering these rights within existing systems brings considerable challenges. In Australia, the existing approach of registering 3D rights and storing partial geometry in databases does not support 3D functionalities such as 3D validation, query, visualisation, and manipulation. The existing Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB) does not support the storage of 3D data. There is also no digital lodgement of 3D cadastral, and no automated validation (Karki, 2013). The Intergovernmental Committee of Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) has endorsed LandXML as the national standard for digital lodgement of cadastral plans. LandXML is an extensible mark-up language (XML) package which can be used for exchanging spatial information. In Queensland Surveying information is captured digitally using tools built in-house, such as the Surveying Information Processing (SIP) tool which is based on LandXML and is used to electronically capture a paper based cadastral plans. The Electronic Access for Registry Lodgement (eSurvey, previously called EARL) project is developed and run by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines (DNRM) and it has three stages namely eSurvey-I, eSurvey-II, and eSurvey-III. The eSurvey Services Portal allows users to submit, validate and visualise survey data via Web Services. eSurvey-I developed a tool for internal DNRM use to digitally capture the information on a survey plan. eSurvey-II has developed a validation tool that will be applied to Cadastral Information Files (CIFs) that are submitted to the Department by external surveyors as a component of the digital lodgement of survey plans process. eSurvey-III will be the full digital lodgement and implementation of electronic capture and visualisation of 3D cadastral data where the digital files become the legal document. The objective of this research is to explore the capability of LandXML for the definition of 3D spatial objects within the eSurvey project for 3D Cadastre development in Queensland. An overview of 3D Cadastre and characteristics of eSurvey, volumetric plans and LandXML were reviewed. Two representative cases from Queensland digital cadastral database were selected and examined using three standard CAD software and eSurvey web portal and Queensland DCDB standards. This study shows that eSurvey can successfully validate LandXML files

3D Cadastre for Land Administration: Some issues about the Moroccan context

With the fast world population growing, the efficient use of land properties became of great necessity. In this context, the traditional two-dimensional (2D) cadastral management mode cannot satisfy the need of current 3D land use and 3D urban planning (Guo et al. 2014). So, developing a 3D cadastral system is a very promising solution for land administration. However, the development of such a solution can be faced to some challenged issues related to economic, legal, technical and organizational aspects. In this paper, we present some basics about the 3D cadastre in Land governance. Then, we discuss some issues about migrating to a 3D cadastre solution. Finally, we propose some ideas and reflections about the adoption of a 3D Moroccan cadastral system.Avec la croissance rapide de la population mondiale, l'utilisation efficace des propriétés foncières est devenue d’une grande nécessité. Dans ce contexte, le mode bi dimensionnel de gestion cadastrale (2D) ne peut plus satisfaire le besoin de l'utilisation actuelle des terres en 3D ainsi que la planification urbaine 3D (Guo et al. 2014). Ainsi, le développement d’un cadastre 3D est une solution prometteuse pour l’administration du foncier. Cependant, le développement d’une telle solution peut s’affronter à des contraintes économiques, juridiques, techniques et organisationnelles. Dans cet article, nous présentons quelques concepts de base sur le cadastre 3D dans la gouvernance foncière. Ensuite, nous discutons certaines questions relatives à la migration vers un cadastre 3D. Enfin, nous proposons quelques idées et réflexions portant sur l'adoption d'un cadastre 3D marocain

Developing a 3D Digital Cadastral Survey System for New Zealand

New Zealand currently has a world-class property rights system that underpins the delivery of social, economic, and cultural benefits. This system comprises a land tenure system to provide certainty about property rights and a supporting cadastral survey system to provide certainty about the spatial extent of those rights. However, there is an increasing concern that New Zealand’s property rights system will not continue to be optimal in the future. A significant contributing factor to this concern is the inability of the cadastral survey system to handle three-dimensional (3D) information defining the spatial extents of property rights in a digital environment. The development of 3D cadastral survey systems is the subject of a substantial body of international research and discussion. Despite this, no country in the world has successfully implemented a fully functioning 3D digital cadastral survey system. Also, while New Zealand has an interest in developing a 3D digital cadastral survey system, there is no substantive local research on the matter. The research undertaken as part of this thesis will contribute to the literature by providing a New Zealand perspective on developing such a system and will also feed into the development of New Zealand’s cadastral survey system. This research explores New Zealand’s current cadastral survey system and considers the motivation for its enhancement. The literature supporting international research and development is evaluated to determine the characteristics, opportunities, issues and approaches associated with developing a cadastral survey system with 3D digital capabilities. A preferred approach to a 3D digital cadastral survey system is established and then developed at a conceptual level after it was found that an internationally standardised approach was inadequate

3D Cadastres Best Practices, Chapter 5: Visualization and New Opportunities

This paper proposes a discussion on opportunities offered by 3D visualization to improve the understanding and the analysis of cadastre data. It first introduce the rationale of having 3D visualization functionalities in the context of cadastre applications. Second the publication outline some basic concepts in 3D visualization. This section specially addresses the visualization pipeline as a driven classification schema to understand the steps leading to 3D visualization. In this section is also presented a brief review of current 3D standards and technologies. Next is proposed a summary of progress made in the last years in 3D cadastral visualization. For instance, user’s requirement, data and semiotics, and platforms are highlighted as main actions performed in the development of 3D cadastre visualization. This review could be perceived as an attempt to structure and emphasise the best practices in the domain of 3D cadastre visualization and as an inventory of issues that still need to be tackled. Finally, by providing a review on advances and trends in 3D visualization, the paper initiates a discussion and a critical analysis on the benefit of applying these new developments to cadastre domain. This final section discusses about enhancing 3D techniques as dynamic transparency and cutaway, 3D generalization, 3D visibility model, 3D annotation, 3D data and web platform, augmented reality, immersive virtual environment, 3D gaming, interaction techniques and time

Global driving forces shaping the future of the Finnish cadastral system by 2035 : a Delphi study

Sustainable and efficient land management system is a crucial factor for the well-being of every society. Cadastral system as a constituent of land management system plays an important role in ensuring legality of relationships between land and its owners, government and citizens. Cadastre is a storage of information regarding who owns the land, its boundaries and rights of its owner. However, this system has evolved along with the macro transformations in human society. Such macro phenomena as industrialization, urbanization, emergence of real estate market, and technological advancements influenced on the operational environment of the cadastral system considerably. If the external environment changes, all the subsystems inside it have to transform as well in order to remain relevant and be convenient for its users. The aim of this thesis was to understand future operational environment of the cadastral system in Finland towards 2035. The study intended to answer two research questions: (1) What are the global drivers shaping the operational environment of the cadastral system in Finland by 2035? (2) What are the alternative scenarios of the operational environment of the cadastral system in Finland? Contextually and conceptually, this study lies between two scientific domains, cadastral research and futures studies. The research strategy was designed following the principle of a well-established futures studies method, Disaggregative Policy Delphi. The study was conducted from October 2016 until January 2017. Experts from various fields related to land management and land use were invited to estimate probable and preferred impacts of the listed megatrends on the development of the cadastral system in Finland. The core part of the questionnaire in both rounds consisted of five step Likert scale questions, however respondents were also asked to support their choice with qualitative arguments. Besides, respondents were invited to estimate relevance of these megatrends to the development of cadastral system. Finally, the most relevant driving forces shaping the operational environment of the cadastral system were identified and four normative scenarios were constructed based on the hierarchical cluster analysis. Findings of the study revealed the relevance of technological phenomena such as digital culture and ubiquitous intelligence and political tendency towards transparency, accessibility and open data to the operational environmental of the Finnish cadastral system. Scenarios analysis reaffirmed these elaborations, i.e. three out of four future visions were driven by mainly technological and economic megatrends, whereas social and environmental ones received lower value

Developing Serbian 3D Cadastre System - Challenges and Directions

The real estate cadastre in the Republic of Serbia is based on 2D cadastral maps and procedures that do not support unequivocal registration and visualization of complex 3D property situations or complex objects located on/below several parcels, especially in urban areas. Within this study, we analyzed and documented specific situations concerning registration challenges for the current cadastral system in the Republic of Serbia.Furthermore, the analysis of additional functionalities which will enable overcoming the limitations of the current cadastre in the short to the medium-termtime period is represented. Themain objective is to use the current cadastral data and procedures as far as possible in order to keep the transition smoother and economicallyfeasible. Having in mindthis objective,thevariation ofthe hybridapproach as the solution for Serbian 3D real estate cadastrewas analyzed. One of the preliminary assumptions of this research is that it is possible to develop a systemthat is simple enoughforimplementationand maintenance,but at the same comprehensive enough to overcome the difficulties ofthe current real estate cadastre.Within the case study,3D objects based ondata currently provided by licensed surveying agenciesare presented

Does Coimbra Need A 3D Cadastre? Prototyping A Crowdsourcing App As A First Step To Finding Out

The Municipality of Coimbra in Portugal, and indeed the country as a whole, is currently undergoing a long-term land registration (cadastre creation) exercise, with approximately 50% of the country having been surveyed, amounting to 1/3 of the total properties, by the end of 2013. The survey process is currently generating two-dimensional (2D) maps. However, as with many other countries, these maps have limitations when representing the real three-dimensional (3D) complexities of land and property ownership. Capturing 2D cadastre is an expensive process, and does not provide the required insight into the number of properties where the ownership situation is inadequately represented, as the survey does not include the internal building structure. Having information about the extent of the 2D/3D issue is, however, fundamental to making a decision as to whether to invest resources in even more expensive 3D survey. Given that the 3D complexity inside buildings is only known to residents/occupants - thus making crowd sourcing perhaps the only economically feasible approach for its capture - this paper describes the development of a web-based App envisaged for use by the general public to flag different land and property ownership situations. The paper focuses on two aspects of the problem - firstly, identifying an appropriate, clear, set of diagrams depicting the various different ownership situations from which the user can then pick one, and secondly prototyping and user testing an App for multi-platform VGI data capture in absence of direct feedback from the final end users - i.e. the general public