Pemanfaatan Limbah Organik Kotoran Ayam dan Ampas Tahu untuk Budidaya Cacing Sutera (Tubifex sp.) sebagai Pakan Glass Eel di Desa Cidadap, Kabupaten Sukabumi

Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) is the leading export commodity of Indonesian fisheries. New eel fish farming activities will be developed lately. The community, especially those in KUB, are interested in developing eel segmentation cultivation. But the problem is the availability of feed for glass eels, namely silk worms. Therefore, training on silkworm cultivation is important to be held. This activity was held at KUB Sidat Mandiri, Cidadap Village in November to December. Silk worm cultivation requires media with high organic content. Media that can be used for silk worm cultivation include animal waste, which has the advantage of a crude fiber protein content of 50% of the gross weight so that it is good to be used for fertilization in silk worm culture. Silk worm cultivation for glass eel feed in Cidadap Village using tofu waste animal waste fermented into fertilizer with a multilevel container system and recirculation can increase the productivity of silk worms and can guarantee the quantity and quality, for the sustainability of glass eel cultivation

Pendampingan Pembuatan Media Budidaya Cacing Sutera pada Kelompok Pembudidaya Ikan di Kota Sorong

Silk worms are natural food for fish that have high protein content. Silk worms are generally obtained by fish farmers from natural catches because no one has cultivated them, due to the lack of knowledge or skills of fish cultivators. The habit of relying on worms from natural supplies makes the availability of silk worms increasingly difficult on the market. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the ability of fish farmers in cultivating silk worms. The method used in community service activities is to provide counseling as well as practice making hairworm cultivation media. Community service activities carried out in the form of counseling and practice of making media for silk worm cultivation have a positive impact on fish cultivator groups. This is because the cultivator group gets new knowledge and can practice it in their cultivation activities. Keyword : media, silk worm, cultivationCacing sutera merupakan pakan alami ikan yang memiliki kandungan protein tinggi. Cacing sutera umumnya diperoleh petani ikan dari hasil tangkapan alam karena belum ada yang membudidayakan, disebabkan kurangnya pengetahuan atau keterampilan pembudidaya ikan. Kebiasaan mengandalkan cacing dari pasokan alam menyebabkan ketersediaan cacing sutera semakin sulit di pasaran. Untuk itu peningkatan kemampuan petani ikan dalam membudidayakan cacing sutera perlu dilakukan. Metode yang dilakukan dalam kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat adalah dengan memberikan penyuluhan sekaligus mempraktekkan pembuatan media budidaya cacing rambut. Kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat yang dilaksanakan dalam bentuk penyuluhan dan praktek pembuatan media untuk budidaya cacing sutera memberikan dampak positif pada kelompok pembudidaya ikan. Hal ini karena kelompok pembudidaya mendapat pengetahuan baru dan bisa mempraktekkannya dalam kegiatan budidaya yang mereka lakukan

Gendered Language and the Science of Colonial Silk

This article uses pronominal resilience to suggest how we can identify women's contributions to the colonial silk industry. By comparing different editions of silkworm treatises, all of which were published between 1650-1655 and circulated within the Hartlib Circle's circum-Atlantic network of readers (Bermuda, Germany, England, Ireland, Virginia), I find a pattern in the gendered language of the texts. Books that describe worms grown by women use feminine pronouns (she/her) to classify worms throughout the lifecycle, while books that describe worms grown by men begin with masculine pronouns (he/his) and become feminine (she/her) when the worms become reproductive in the third stage of the lifecycle

Biodiversity of the Indian Desert and it´s value

The state of Rajasthan is situated between 23º3’ and 30º12’ N latitude and 69º30’ and 78º17’ E longitude . The total land area of the state is about 3,24,239 km²out of which about 1,98,100 km² is arid and the rest semi arid. The physical features are characterized mainly by the Aravallis and to the some extent by the vindhyan formation, and the Deccan trap. A major portion of western Rajasthan has desert soils and sandy plains. Sand dunes occupy a greater part of western Rajasthan ( 1,20, 983 km²). The soils of the desert plains are loamy sand to loam and the eastern part has alluvial soil which supports good forests and agricultural crop. Occurrence of saline soils with pH up to 9.0 is a common feature in the sandy areas of Rajasthan. The average annual rainfall in the state is 525-675 mm, and the annual precipitation in different tracts of Rajasthan varies from 13 mm to 1766 mm. Out of the total areaforests cover only about 37,638 km² and are rich in biodiversity. Rajasthan is rich in biodiversity which has a great economic value. Characterization of different plant species of economic value was undertaken. (Table 1-6)

George Starkey, an Early Seventeenth-Century American Entomologist

Between the earliest known North American entomological observations made by John White (Wilkinson, 1973a) and Thomas Hariot, and the beginning of more systematic investigations by John Banister (Ewan and Ewan, 1970) and other collectors in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially those promoted by the London apothecary and naturalist James Petiver (Stearns, 1952; Wilkinson, 1966), a number of persons wrote about insects observed in British America. However, their remarks were usually very brief, and confined to notices of one or two species. Only a few seventeenth-century investigators actually studied North American insects and related forms in situ with any diligence. The earliest of these appears to have been George Starkey (1627 or 1628-1665)

CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW GEORGIAN MULBERRY SILKWORM BREEDS RELATIVELY RESISTANT TO THE DISEASE «NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS»

The paper considers biotechnological characteristics of new breeds of mulberry silkworm „V-1“ and „V-2“, which are relatively resistant to the worm disease „nuclear polyhedrosis“. The hybreeds were obtained from mulberry silkworm breeds „Dighmuri“ and „Iveria“. Breed “Iveria” is characterized by short period of feeding; it was created for the west Georgia zone, while the cocoon thread length of the breed “Dighmuri” is 1800-2000 meter, silk capacity of live cocoon is 25-26%, but these breeds are characterized by relatively low viability [1,2,3]. Our research aimed to improve namely this flaw. As a result of complex selection works carried out for the improvement of the above stated viability and other major indices we received new highly productive breeds, which by their indices equal or exceed initial breeds.The paper considers biotechnological characteristics of new breeds of mulberry silkworm „V-1“ and „V-2“, which are relatively resistant to the worm disease „nuclear polyhedrosis“. The hybreeds were obtained from mulberry silkworm breeds „Dighmuri“ and „Iveria“. Breed “Iveria” is characterized by short period of feeding; it was created for the west Georgia zone, while the cocoon thread length of the breed “Dighmuri” is 1800-2000 meter, silk capacity of live cocoon is 25-26%, but these breeds are characterized by relatively low viability [1,2,3]. Our research aimed to improve namely this flaw. As a result of complex selection works carried out for the improvement of the above stated viability and other major indices we received new highly productive breeds, which by their indices equal or exceed initial breeds

Estimation on Economic Cost of China's New De-sulfur Policy During Her Gradual Accession to WTO: The Case of Industrial SO2 Emission

To understand the potential impacts of China’s accession to WTO in her new de-sulphur policy (reduction of 10% of SO2 emission in 2005 with respect to that of 2000), we construct a CGE model in which the SO2 emission is linked directly to energy intermediary consumption in production. The positive externality of trade on China’s economy is also included. This model is then calibrated into a 55-sector Chinese SAM of year 1997. Four policy simulations (BaU, Open, Desulfur, Open+Desulfur) are made for 1997 till 2005 and the Divisia index decomposition method is used to analysis the simulation results. The principal results show the environmental impact of trade, though proven to be “negative”, stays rather modest. This is due to the effect of industrial composition transformation that deviates towards labor-intensive sector specialization under the new trade liberalization process. We also find supposed some modest trade externality effect to contribute to pollution reduction and we do not find proof for “pollution haven” hypothesis. Although seemingly to be quite ambitious, the new de-sulphur policy will only bring very slight economic growth lose. The most part of pollution reduction will be realized by the substitution between polluting and less or non-polluting energies. The combination of the trade liberalization and pollution control policies seems to give China more flexibility in adapting her economy to the new de-sulphurs objective. Considering different aspect together, the total economy loss due to new de-sulphur policy will be limited to only –0.18% under the presence of trade liberalization.Externality., Energy substitution, Industrial SO2 pollution, Trade, CGE

Demographic Change and Demand for Food in Australia

The analysis of global population forecasts of the past 30 years by the US National Academy of Sciences confirms that errors have been considerable and that population forecasts have generally been upward-biased. Recent stochastic population projections also yield wide error bounds. We discuss the demographic implications of one set of stochastic projections and adapt a standard global economic model to estimate the implications of population forecast errors for the performance of the global economy and its agricultural sectors. The model is GTAP-Dynamic, a recursively dynamic, applied general equilibrium model of the world economy widely used in the analysis of trade policy. The results indicate that the growth rate of population in the rest of the world is important for Australia’s economic health. If the global population grows more slowly than the median forecast suggests, Australia’s manufacturing and services sectors would gain at the expense of commodities. The impact on individual agricultural sectors also depends on which region the slower population growth occurs

Japan: Shadow WTO Agricultural Domestic Support Notifications

"The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of Japan's agricultural domestic policy since 1995 in the context of the current international negotiations in the WTO Doha Round, which has as one aim further reductions of trade-distorting support among member countries. An overwhelming majority of farmers in Japan own small plots of rice paddy fields and earn their living mainly on their off-farm income. They go out into rice paddy fields in their spare time as a subsidiary business. Traditional small farming communities are powerful voting groups that seek to maintain their political power. By exerting political pressures on the authorities, farmers can obtain large returns through the manipulation of farmland use regulations, even though such manipulation causes social harm by preventing efficient land use. These inefficiencies in land use are a major reason why Japan is the only country whose food self-sufficiency rate keeps declining in spite of its heavy agricultural protection. In this sense, Japan is in sharp contrast to European and North American countries, where heavy agricultural domestic supports have resulted in an increased output of agricultural commodities and subsequent distortions in international markets. Apparently, Japan's attitude towards agricultural domestic policy reform is one of compliance with the WTO, which requests member countries to reduce their Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) through trimming trade-distorting (amber box) support and/or transforming traditional-type agricultural subsidies to decoupled-type ones. Japan reduced its amber box support by nearly 80 percent between 1995 and 2000. This drastic reduction is mainly attributable to Japan's removal of rice from the amber box in 1998. In addition, following the WTO's principle of decoupling, Japan launched an extensive agricultural subsidy reform in 2007. This paper, however, shows the ironical realities of Japanese agricultural policy. Neither a sharp reduction of amber box support nor Japan's 2007 reform necessarily mean there will be a reduction of trade-distorting effects. On the contrary, the 2007 reform may in fact stimulate domestic rice production. In 2007, Japan's AMS is as little as 18 percent of its commitment level from the Uruguay Round WTO agreements. In addition, this paper projects that Japan's overall trade-distorting support (OTDS) for 2013 will be 469 billion yen, which is much less than the limit of 1,635 billion yen that is proposed in the modalities under discussion in July 2008 for the WTO Doha Round. Thus, the WTO Doha Round negotiations on domestic support policy are unlikely to restrict Japan's domestic agricultural support policy." from authors' abstractJapan's agricultural support, WTO Doha Round, WTO compliance, Notification of domestic support, trade,