DOSIS EFEKTIF EM4 (EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM 4)DALAM PENURUNAN KANDUNGAN BOD5 (BOICHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 5)PADA LINDI TPA JATIBARANG SEMARANG

Sampah merupakan sisa dari aktivitas manusia dalam memanfaatkan alam yang dianggap sudah tidak berguna sehingga diperlakuka sebagai barang buangan. Semakin cepatnya laju timbulan sampah akan meningkatkan sarana pembuangan sampah, salah satunya adalah semakin luasnya TPA. Sampah-sampah yang ada di TPA akan mengalami pelapukan aatu dekomposisi secara biologik dan menghasilkan lindi atau leachate. Lindi mengandung berbagai macam zat yang dapat menjadi sumber pencemaran air tanah maupun air permukaan apabila tidak dilakukan pengolahan dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis efektif EM4 (Effective Microorganism 4) dalam penurunan kandungan BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5) pada lindi TPA Jatibarang Semarang. Metode Pemnelitian menggunakan explanatory research, dan rancangan penelitian Quasi Experiment dengan desain pretest posttest control group design. Uji Statistik yang digunakan adalah Anova dengan alfa 0,05. Uji tersebut diolah dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 10.0. Hasil penelitian rerata kadar BOD5 setelah perlakuan pemberian berbagai dosis EM4 pada dosis 3 ml/l = 1557,15 mg/l, dosis 4 ml/l = 928,39 mg/l, dosis 5 ml/l = 578,5 mg/l, dosis 6 ml/l = 186,2 mg/l, dosis 7 ml/l = 93,6 mg/l, dosis 8 ml/l = 107,9 mg/l dan dosis 9 ml/l = 122,18 mg/l. Persentase penurunan rerata BOD5 dosis 3 ml/l = 25,68%, dosis 4 ml/l = 55,68%, dosis 5 ml/l = 72,39%, dosis 6 ml/l = 91,1%, dosis 7 ml/l = 95,55%, dosis 8 ml/l = 94,84% dan dosis 9 ml/l = 94,16% dengan dosis optimal diperoleh 7 ml/l. Bila dibandingkan SK Meneg KLH No. Kep. 03/MenKLH/II/1991, BOD5 pada lindi TPA Jatibarang memenuhi standar baku mutu golongan III. Disimpulkan ada perbedaan penurunan rerata BOD5 setelah perlakuan dengan berbagai dosis EM4. Kata Kunci: Lindi, EM4, BOD5, TPA Jatibarang THE EFFECTIVE DOSE OF EM4 (EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM 4) IN DECREASING BOD5 (BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 5)CONTENT IN LINDI ON TPA JATIBARANG SEMARANG ( Rubbish was residu of human's activity in advantaging nature that assumed unuseful anymore so they treat it as athrown away thing. The more fast rubbish big heap will increase the banishment place of rubbish, one of it was the bigger space of TPA. The rubbish in TPA will decayed or will be decomposed biologically and will produce lindi or leachate. Lindi contain many essence that can be the source of ground water pollution and surface water pollution if the manufacture process of it wasn't correct. This research's goal is to know the effective dose EM4 (Effective Microorganism 4) in decreasing BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5) content in lindi on TPA Jatibarang Semarang. The research's method is using explanatory research's, and the research's design is quasi experiment with the pretest posttest control group design. tatistik test using anova with alpha 0.05. That test is processed by using SPSS program version 10.0. The research's average result of BOD5 level after treatment by suplying various dose of EM4 on 3 ml/l dose = 1557,15 mg/l, 4 ml/l dose = 928,39 mg/l, 5 ml/l dose = 578,5 mg/l, 6 ml/l dose = 186,2 mg/l, 7 ml/l dose = 93,6 mg/l, 8 ml/l dose = 107,9 mg/l and 9 ml/l dose = 122,18 mg/l. The procentage's decrease average of BOD5 3 ml/l dose = 25,68%, 4 ml/l dose = 55,68%, 5 ml/l dose = 72,39%, 6 ml/l dose = 91,1%, 7 ml/l dose = 95,55%, 8 ml/l dose = 94,84% and 9 ml/l dose = 94,16% with optimal dose result is 7 ml/l. According to SK Meneg KLH No. Kep. 03/MenKLH/II/1991, BOD5 in lindi on TPA Jatibarang fulfill the standart group quality III. Conclution that there are different decrease average of BOD5 after treatment by various dose of EM4 dose Keyword : Lindi, EM4, BOD5, TPA Jatibaran

Effect of increasing levels of seven tree species extracts added to a high concentrate diet on in vitro rumen gas output

There is a constant relationship between PSM at relatively low and moderate concentrations, and gas production (GP). This depends on the nature, activity and concentration of its active principles (Jiménez-Peralta et al. 2011; Salem et al. 2014). Rumen microorganisms have the ability to degrade low concentrations of alkaloids (Wachenheim et al. 1992), saponins (Hart et al. 2008) and phenolics (Varel et al. 1991) and utilize them as an energy source, without negative effects on rumen fermentation.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing levels of extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia, Celtis pallida, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Fraxinus excelsior, Ficus trigonata, Phoradendrom brevifolium and Prunus domestica on in vitro gas production (GP) and ruminal fermentation of a high concentrate diet. Plant extracts were prepared at 1 g dry matter (DM)/8 mL of solvent mixture (methanol : ethanol : water, 1:1:8) and added at levels of 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mL/g DM of a high concentrate diet. In vitro GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Increasing addition of extracts linearly increased (P 0.05) occurred between the extracts and doses, it could be conclude that all extracts positively modified rumen fermentation at doses of 1.2 to 1.8 mL extract/g diet DM

Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction of Layering Transitions of Multilayer Nitrogen Physisorbed on Graphite

We use synchrotron x-ray diffraction for structural analysis of the behavior of multilayer nitrogen films physisorbed on graphite foam. We provide structural information and concentrations of 2D and 3D solid phases at a coverage of Θ = 8 ML (Θ / 1 ML for a %3 x %3 structure) for temperatures from below the bulk α-ß transition temperature [Tα-ß = 34 0.5 K] to above the bulk triple point [Ttp = 63 K]. Our data indicate layering begins near Tα-ß, with subsequent layering occurring as the temperature is raised; all bulk nitrogen forms disordered film layers by 48 K at Θ = 8 ML. Our results are consistent with ellipsometry studies of nitrogen on HOPG which found multilayer nitrogen on single crystal graphite to undergo a series of layering transitions above the bulk nitrogen α-ß structural transition.[U.G. Volkmann, and K. Knorr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 473.] The effect of adsorption on a graphite foam substrate, which results in capillary condensation and finite size effects, is limited to a broadening and overlap of the discrete transition temperatures observed on a single crystal substrate. A phase diagram for coverages above 2 ML is proposed, summarizing this and previous work

Gemfibrozil enhances the listeriacidal effects of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in J774 macrophages

J774 macrophage-like cells express organic anion transporters that promote the efflux of fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as norfloxacin (NFX) from these cells. Gemfibrozil (GFZ) blocks organic anion transport in J774 cells, thereby facilitating the intracellular accumulation of NFX (Cao, C., H.C. Neu, and S.C. Silverstein. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 115:467a [Abstr.]). To determine whether GFZ enhances the efficacy of fluoroquinolone antibiotics against intracellular bacterial pathogens, J774 cells were infected with Listeria monocytogenes and incubated in medium containing a fluoroquinolone antibiotic in the presence or absence of GFZ. Intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes was evaluated by lysing J774 cells and assaying for colony-forming units of Listeria. GFZ intensified the bacteriostatic effect of 4 micrograms/ml NFX and rendered 8 micrograms/ml bactericidal for L. monocytogenes. GFZ had a similar potentiating effect when used in combination with 2 micrograms/ml ciprofloxacin (CFX). CFX plus GFZ was bactericidal for intracellular L. monocytogenes. Treatment of J774 cells with NFX plus GFZ markedly reduced the cytotoxic effect of the bacteria on these cells. Over 55% of cells treated with 8 micrograms/ml NFX alone were dead 16 h after infection, whereas only 5% of cells treated with 8 micrograms/ml NFX plus GFZ were dead at 16 h. Similarly, GFZ potentiated the ability of 2 micrograms/ml to protect J774 cells against the cytocidal effect of Listeria. NFX in combination with GFZ limited cell-to-cell spread of L. monocytogenes. In antibiotic-free medium, > 99% of J774 cells contained intracellular L. monocytogenes at 14 h after infection. NFX alone in the medium did not change this outcome. However, 4 micrograms/ml NFX plus GFZ decreased bacterial spread by approximately 40% at 24 h postinfection, and 8 micrograms/ml NFX plus GFZ prevented all spread beyond the initially infected cell population. These results suggest that GFZ could be used clinically to enhance the efficacy of fluoroquinolone and of other anionic antibiotics against bacteria that grow and/or reside within macrophages and/or other cells

Phase Transitions of the Maximum Likelihood Estimates in the pp-Spin Curie-Weiss Model

In this paper we consider the problem of parameter estimation in the $p$-spin Curie-Weiss model, for $p \geq 3$. We provide a complete description of the limiting properties of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of the inverse temperature and the magnetic field given a single realization from the $p$-spin Curie-Weiss model, complementing the well-known results in the 2-spin case (Comets and Gidas (1991)). Our results unearth various new phase transitions and surprising limit theorems, such as the existence of a 'critical' curve in the parameter space, where the limiting distribution of the ML estimates is a mixture with both continuous and discrete components. The number of mixture components is either two or three, depending on, among other things, the sign of one of the parameters and the parity of $p$. Another interesting revelation is the existence of certain 'special' points in the parameter space where the ML estimates exhibit a superefficiency phenomenon, converging to a non-Gaussian limiting distribution at rate $N^{\frac{3}{4}}$. As a consequence of our analysis, we obtain limit theorems for the average magnetization, results which are of independent interest, that provide key insights into the thermodynamic properties of the model.Comment: 65 pages, 8 figure

Avaliação de procedimentos na estimação de parâmetros genéticos em bovinos de corte.

Estimativas de variâncias, covariâncias e herdabilidades (h2) de dados de pesos ao nascimento (y 1), a desmama (y2 aos 12 (y3), l 8 (y4) e 24 meses (y5) e circunferência escrotal aos l2 (y6) meses de idade foram obtidas de três amostras de dados de animais Canchim, machos e fêmeas, nascidos de l961 a 1991, em São Carlos, SP. Foram utilizadas análises univariada, por meio do método 3 de Henderson, máxima verossimilhança (ML), ML restrita (REML). Método iterativo Simples de Henderson (IHSM). Método da Estimação Quadrática não-viesada de variância minima (MIVQUEo) e procedimento GLM do SAS, e multivariada por IHSM, ML e REML, com e sem a inclusão da matriz de parentesco entre os animais. As estimativas de h2 variaram de 0,33 a 0,34 (y 1 ), 0,30 a O,81 (y2). 0,28 a 0,68 (y3), 0,27 a 0,27 (y4), 0,40 a 0,40 (y5) e 0,40 a 0,40 (y6). Detectou-se afastamento da normalide para quase todas as características e heterogeneidade de variâncias para os efeitos fixos de sexo, ano e época de nascimento, idade da vaca no parto, geração do animal e efeito aleatório de touros. A transformação dos dados fornecendo escores normais como resposta foi mais eficiente em aproximar os dados a uma distribuição normal. Métodos de estimação, análise univariada ou multivariada, amostragem e tipo de transformarção de dados, nesta ordem, foram os que mais influenciaram as estimativas de h2

Xenotransplantation of microencapsulated pancreatic islets contained in a vascular prosthesis: preliminary results

Porcine and human pancreatic islets were microencapsulated in an alginate-polylysine biomembrane and put in a chamber of a new vascular prosthesis composed of an inner tubing of Dacron mesh and an outer tubing of expanded polytetrafluorethylene material. The vascular prosthesis was anastomized between the iliac artery and the contralateral vein of diabetic dogs. The recipients did not receive any immunosuppressive therapy. Function of porcine and human islets was monitored by measuring serum glucose levels and human C-peptide concentrations. After transplantation, serum glucose levels were maintained at values lower than 200 mg/dl, and C-peptide concentrations were between 0.8 and 3.2 ng/ml. Injected insulin requirements decreased by 50%-60%. Four to 8 weeks after transplantation, histologic examination showed well-preserved and functioning islets in the majority of intact microcapsules. Fibrin and inflammatory cells were not observed in the chamber. These data suggest long-term survival and function of microencapsulated pancreatic islets in the vascular prosthesis. © 1991 Springer-Verlag

Studi Parameter Air Dan Radioaktivitas Alam Perairan Sungai Seropan Gunungkidul

STUDI PARAMETER AIR DAN RADIOAKTIVITAS ALAM SAMPEL AIR, SEDIMEN SUNGAI SEROPANGUNUNGKIDUL. Kualitas air Sungai Seropan sebagai bahan baku air bersih (rumah tangga) harusdipantau kualitasnya melalui parameter fisik, kimia, biologi dan radioaktivitas. Telah dilakukan studikualitas air tersebut dengan parameter penelitian suhu, suspended solid (SS), radioaktivitas gross β danγ, kesadahan, COD, BOD, escherichia coli. Sampel air dan sedimen sungai diambil pada bulan Februari(penghujan) dan Agustus (kemarau) 2006. Didapat hasil pengukuran parameter kualitas air sungaiSeropan berturut-turut adalah suhu rata-rata 28˚C; SS maksimum 48 mg/L, pH maksimum 6,8;kesadahan maksimum 257,49 mg/L; COD maksimum 8 mg/L, BOD maksimum 4,9 mg/L, bakteri E. collimax > 2400 mpn/100 mL, gross b air maksimum 0,9071 Bq/L. Semua parameter tersebut masih dibawah kadar maksimum dari Keputusan Gubernur Kepala Daerah Istimewa YogyakartaNo/214/KPTS/1991 dan Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002. Sampel sedimen tidak dapat dibandingkan karena belum tercantum dalambaku mutunya. Hasil identifikasi radionuklida alam pemancar gamma pada sampel air sungai adalah Tl-208 dan K-40 sedangkan pada sampel sedimen terdeteksi lebih banyak yaitu Tl-208, Ac-228, Ra-226,Pb-212, Pb-214, Bi-214, Ac-228, Ac-228 dan K-40