On Developing a New 5G Spectrum Usage Fee Model for Indonesia

This paper reports on the development of the 5G spectrum usage fee in Indonesia. The fee was first applied in 2010 to charge mobile network operators (MNOs) that provided cellular services. However, cellular technologies have improved rapidly from 2G, 3G, 4G to 5G, and many modern innovative cellular services demand larger spectrum bandwidth. Therefore, the existing spectrum usage fee must be revised to meet the needs of the community better and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of spectrum use. This study modifies the characteristics of the existing cost structure of the Indonesian spectrum usage fee, designing and proposing a new 5G spectrum usage fee model to support 5G technology usage scenarios and maximize the benefits of the mid-band (3.5 GHz), mmWave, or high band radio frequencies (26 GHz and 28 GHz). The new spectrum usage fee model includes spectrum-sharing parameters (non-orthogonal spectrum-sharing and orthogonal spectrum sharing) and private network to optimize the use of the available spectrum because the new proposing formula does not use the nationwide population, but instead, it uses the population within a specific area with both human and non-human (machine) populations. This new model is expected to help regulators prepare 5G technology regulations for application in Indonesia

Dual-band frequency reconfigurable 5G microstrip antenna

Microstrip Antenna is widely developed and used in modern telecommunications equipment because of its advantages. Microstrip antenna is also used in 5G development which is expected to increase communication capacity and also be able to provide very large data rates. The frequency used in 5G is 28, 38, and 78 GHz. However, the 5G network with high frequency has a weakness: transmitted waves are vulnerable to weather because of their dense waveform. Therefore, the multiband is used to support different frequencies in one antenna. Furthermore, antenna reconfiguration is used to set the antenna to work on a different frequency and adjust different radiation patterns depending on the needs without changing the form of the antenna. This paper proposes the dual-band frequency reconfigurable antenna with RT Duroid 5880 as its substrate using PIN diodes placed between the main patch and secondary patch element and simulated on CST software for 28 GHz and 38 GHz with two conditions, ON and OFF. Both simulated and measured results show that the antenna can work well as intended. During the OFF condition, the antenna only works at 38 GHz, while in the ON condition, the antenna works at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively

Dual-band frequency reconfigurable 5G microstrip antenna

Microstrip Antenna is widely developed and used in modern telecommunications equipment because of its advantages. Microstrip antenna is also used in 5G development which is expected to increase communication capacity and also be able to provide very large data rates. The frequency used in 5G is 28, 38, and 78 GHz. However, the 5G network with high frequency has a weakness: transmitted waves are vulnerable to weather because of their dense waveform. Therefore, the multiband is used to support different frequencies in one antenna. Furthermore, antenna reconfiguration is used to set the antenna to work on a different frequency and adjust different radiation patterns depending on the needs without changing the form of the antenna. This paper proposes the dual-band frequency reconfigurable antenna with RT Duroid 5880 as its substrate using PIN diodes placed between the main patch and secondary patch element and simulated on CST software for 28 GHz and 38 GHz with two conditions, ON and OFF. Both simulated and measured results show that the antenna can work well as intended. During the OFF condition, the antenna only works at 38 GHz, while in the ON condition, the antenna works at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively

LTE Carrier Aggregation Deployment – From Standardization to Deployment

Purpose: The objective of this research was to investigate LTE Carrier Aggregation commercial deployment and how soon it happened after standardization finalization. Because LTE Carrier Aggregation feature was expected to be important feature there is good reason to expect its deployment for real commercial markets.   Theoretical framework: The literature at time when standardization was ongoing predicted and speculated Carrier Aggregation feature as promising deployment selection. However there is room to investigate whether Carrier Aggregation happened shortly after standard specification work finalized.    Design/methodology/approach: Used methodology was to gather network operators’ and equipment manufacturers’ intentions for LTE Carrier Aggregation commercial deployment purposes during and after standardization finalization. Information found from public sources where commercial deployment intentions launched by companies.      Findings: The research showed that after and already before standardization finalized there were immediate intentions for LTE Carrier Aggregation deployment. Commercial trials appeared within one year and real commercial deployments appeared within two years from standardization finalization. That means soon deployments in commercial markets when considering deployment in licensed band.   Research, Practical & Social implications: For future works there could be study why not LTE Carrier Aggregation solutions in unlicensed band was not successful and whether there will be changes when going towards 5G standard related deployments.   Originality/value: This article is an academic contribution for innovation feature commercial deployment in telecommunications industry and investigation whether LTE Carrier Aggregation feature deployment happened as soon as expected

5g new radio performance assessment

Abstract. Each decade, a new generation of wireless cellular technology presents a step-change in what cellular wireless systems can do compared to the previous generation. It is the beginning of new wireless technology in mobile phone networks called 5th Generation Mobile Phone Network (5G), a robust technology from its predecessors. 5G New Radio (5G NR) is the first step in adapting the 5G wireless technology to the existing cellular infrastructure. This thesis analyzes the 5G NR performance as part of the 5G test network (5GTN) deployed at the University of Oulu. The architecture of the 5GTN is a so-called non- standalone (NSA) network where the 4G Long-Term Evolution (4G-LTE) cellular network provides the control plane of the network. The performance of the 5G NR was obtained by measuring a few primary Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and data transmission measurements to observe the mobile network strength. This thesis first described the importance of 5G and its history, the deployment timeline, the basic architecture of adaption and synchronization process with the current mobile network, and future possibilities. After that, the main KPI parameters, deployed software, and the test case environment are described, and the 5GTN architecture is also covered. Later, the test results are presented, and lastly, a brief discussion of the outcome of the test result is provided. Finally, a comparison between the 5G NR BTS cells within the test environment network is provided. Performance measurements have been performed at the Linnanmaa campus of the University of Oulu and the surrounding premises under the 5GTN, the broadest open- access test network of 5G. The test cases were created during the time of field testing. The measurement key performance indicators (KPIs) have been carefully chosen for these test case scenarios, where the recorded result’s output were analyzed and represented clearly through this study. Data throughput tests have been performed parallelly during the field testing within the network to assess the 5G performance in terms of data rate. Along with the KPI parameter and throughput tests, there is a clear indication that 5G NR offers the fastest connection as part of the existing mobile network infrastructure

Perancangan Single Fold Hairpin type Narrow-Band Microstrip Band Pass Filter dengan T-Shape Line Stub pada Aplikasi Jaringan Mid-Band 5G Telkomsel

Teknologi seluler Fifth Generation (5G) merupakan lompatan besar dalam kecepatan untuk perangkat nirkabel karena memberikan kecepatan data sebesar 10 hingga 100 kali lebih cepat dari jaringan 4G. Walaupun begitu terdapat suatu kendala dalam komunikasi 5G yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu adanya RF noise yang menggangu proses kerja 5G. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai perancangan Microstrip Band Pass Filter dengan jenis Single Fold Hairpin dengan T-Shape Line Open Stub pada aplikasi jaringan Mid-band 5G Telkomsel. Desain Single Fold Hairpin type Narrow-Band Microstrip Band Pass Filter dengan T-Shape Line Open Stub mengalami reduksi ukuran sebesar 32,43% dibandingkan dengan Microstrip Band Pass Hairpin Filter tanpa Single Fold Resonator dan T-shape Line Open Stub. Didapatkan juga Return Loss sebesar -60,559 dB, Insertion Loss sebesar -5,5 dB, serta Bandwidth ketika Stopband Rejection sebesar -25 dB 490 MHz. Spurious Passband pada Single Fold Hairpin type Narrow-Band Microstrip Band Pass Filter dengan T-Shape Line Stub dapat dihilangkan sepenuhnya, berbeda dengan Microstrip Band Pass Hairpin Filter tanpa Single Fold Resonator dan T-shape Line Open Stub yang mengalami Spurious Passband pada 1,095 – 1,164 GHz serta 5,75 - 6 GHz dengan total 316 MHz

Mobile 5G Network Deployment Scheme on High-Speed Railway

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication has experienced an upsurge of interest for empowering vertical industries, due to its high data volume, extremely low latency, high reliability, and significant improvement in user experience. Specifically, deploying 5G on high-speed railway (HSR) is critical for the promotion of smart travelling such that passengers can connect to the Internet and utilize the on-board time to continue their usual activities. However, there remains a series of challenges in practical implementation, such as the serious Doppler shift caused by the high mobility, the carriage penetration loss especially in the high-frequency bands, frequent handovers, and economic issues. To address these challenges, we propose three schemes in this article to improve the coverage of 5G networks on the train. In particular, we provide a comprehensive description of each scheme in terms of their network architecture and service establishment procedures. Specifically, the mobile edge computing (MEC) is used as the key technology to provide low-latency services for on-board passengers. Moreover, these three schemes are compared among themselves regarding the quality-of-service, the scalability of service, and the related industry development status. Finally, we discuss various potential research directions and open issues in terms of deploying 5G networks on HSR