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Preliminary results from a new study of transverse aeolian ridges (TARS) on Mars
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Phelan, Edward Joseph
Biography o Edwadrd Joseph PHELAN, British civil servant of Irish descent and fourth Director of
the International Labour Office 1941-1946 (acting) and first Director-General of the
International Labour Organization 1941-1948
America\u27s De Facto Guest Workers: Lessons from Germany\u27s Gastarbeiter for U.S. Immigration Reform
Part I of this Note describes West Germany\u27s post-war Gastarbeiter [guest worker] program from 1961 to 1972. Part II focuses on the long-term results of the Gastarbeiter program, with special emphasis on the legal status of Turkish Gastarbeiter in Germany. This assessment concludes that guest worker programs inevitably result in the permanent settlement of foreigners in the host country. If not properly anticipated and planned for, this settlement leads to social stratification and political divisiveness. Part II also presents for comparison U.S. immigration policies and their effect on Mexican immigrant workers. The section asserts that the United States over the past two decades has implemented a de facto guest worker policy, which led to many of the same adverse consequences wrought by Germany\u27s Gastarbeiter program, including the permanent settlement and subsequent marginalization of undocumented immigrants from Mexico. Part III concludes that temporary worker programs, formal or de facto, have irreversible and adverse sociopolitical consequences for their participants and the countries that adopt these policies. Accordingly, this Note cautions against the adoption of a formal temporary worker program in the United States and argues that the permanent legalization of undocumented immigrants is the most judicious means of reversing recent trends
Amalan penggunaan modul pengajaran berasaskan modul multimedia interaktif (MMI) dalam Pendidikan Teknik Dan Vokasional (PTV)
Kajian Amalan Penggunaan Modul Pengajaran Berasaskan Modul Multimedia
Interaktif (MMI) dalam Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional (PTV) bertujuan
mengkaji pengaruh faktor demografi terhadap pengetahuan dan kemahiran dalam
amalan penggunaan MMI. Amalan penggunaan modul pengajaran berasaskan MMI
yang kurang dalam kalangan guru dalam PTV perlu dipandang serius. Kemampuan
MMI sebagai Alat Bahan Bantu Mengajar (ABBM) telah terbukti keberkesanannya.
Faktor demografi merupakan pembolehubah bebas kajian terdiri daripada jantina,
pengkhususan akademik dan kadar penggunaan MMI guru PTV. Statistik deskriptif
dan inferensi dengan ujian MANOVA digunapakai bagi menganalisis data kajian
melalui perisian SPSS 16.0. Set soalan ujian yang diadaptasi daripada Teacher
Technology Competencies (1998) digunakan sebagai instrumen kajian. Dapatan
kajian menunjukkan wujudnya pengaruh faktor jantina dan kadar penggunaan dalam
amalan penggunaan MMI manakala pengkhususan akademik pula tidak
mempengaruhi tahap pengetahuan dan kemahiran. Tahap pengetahuan dan
kemahiran mengikut jantina di antara lelaki dan perempuan adalah berbeza. Skor min
perempuan adalah sebanyak 58.77 berbanding 55.52 pada tahap pengetahuan. Pada
aspek kemahiran, lelaki mengatasi perempuan dengan skor min sebanyak 61.00
berbanding 55.73. Kadar penggunaan didapati menunjukkan tahap pengetahuan dan
kemahiran dalam menentukan amalan penggunaan MMI. Nilai min tertinggi
diperolehi pada kadar penggunaan yang paling tinggi iaitu 6 hingga 8 kali
penggunaan dalam tempoh masa seminggu iaitu 67.81 pada kedua-dua aspek
pengetahuan dan kemahiran manakala pada kadar penggunaan terendah adalah
bersamaan 45.40. Keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa ketiga-tiga pembolehubah
bebas itu mempengaruhi pembolehubah bersandar kajian secara individu, iaitu tiada
kesan interaksi antara ketiga-tiga pembolehubah bebas terhadap pembolehubah
bersandar kajian
The Negative Ramifications of Hate Crime Legislation: It’s Time to Reevaluate Whether Hate Crime Laws are Beneficial to Society
Supporters of hate crime legislation suggest that the primary reason for the codification of hate crime laws is “to send a strong message of tolerance and equality, signaling to all members of society that hatred and prejudice on the basis of identity will be punished with extra severity.” However, hate crime laws may actually be accomplishing the opposite effect of tolerance and equality because they encourage U.S. citizens to view themselves, not as members of our society, but as members of a protected group. The enactment of hate crime legislation at the federal and state levels has led to unintended consequences and unfair practices. Today, the controversy regarding the effectiveness of hate crime laws is debated, and people question whether this type of legislation is beneficial to society. This article will candidly reevaluate hate crime legislation. Part II will provide the definition of the term “hate crime” and the theoretical justification for enhanced sentencing involving discrimination-based conduct. Focus will be placed on data that disproves the theory that hate crime laws reduce or deter future hate crimes. It will also explain the underlying reasons for the enactment of hate crime laws, such as the media’s role and political influences, and it will present several of the misconceptions associated with hate crime legislation. Part III will present the unintended consequences associated with the enactment of hate crime statutes, including constitutional violations. It will also explain why hate crimes are rarely prosecuted, and will focus on the inconsistency, redundancy, and arbitrary usage/application of hate crime legislation. Part III will also present an individual’s response to the negative, unintended effects of hate crime legislation. Part IV will determine that hate crime legislation is not cost-effective. Part V sets forth a recommendation on improving community efforts to educate or reeducate citizens on respecting diversity. Finally, the article analyzes hate crime laws from supporting and opposing viewpoints and concludes that there is no need to separate hate crimes from other types of crimes as a means to promote a more tolerant, equal, and stable society
Sex-specific fundamental and formant frequency patterns in a cross-sectional study
An extensive developmental acoustic study of the speech patterns of children and adults was reported by Lee and colleagues [Lee et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105, 1455-1468 (1999)]. This paper presents a reexamination of selected fundamental frequency and formant frequency data presented in their report for 10 monophthongs by investigating sex-specific and developmental patterns using two different approaches. The first of these includes the investigation of age- and sex-specific formant frequency patterns in the monophthongs. The second, the investigation of fundamental frequency and formant frequency data using the critical band rate (bark) scale and a number of acoustic-phonetic dimensions of the monophthongs from an age- and sex-specific perspective. These acoustic-phonetic dimensions include: vowel spaces and distances from speaker centroids; frequency differences between the formant frequencies of males and females; vowel openness/closeness and frontness/backness; the degree of vocal effort; and formant frequency ranges. Both approaches reveal both age- and sex-specific development patterns which also appear to be dependent on whether vowels are peripheral or non-peripheral. The developmental emergence of these sex-specific differences are discussed with reference to anatomical, physiological, sociophonetic and culturally determined factors. Some directions for further investigation into the age-linked sex differences in speech across the lifespan are also proposed
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