The trading of unlimited liability bank shares: the Bagehot Hypothesis

From the mid-1820s, banks became the first business sector in Great Britain and Ireland to be granted the right to form freely on an unlimited liability joint stock basis. Walter Bagehot, the renowned contemporary banking expert, warned that shares in such banks would ultimately be owned by widows, orphans and other impecunious individuals. An alternative hypothesis is that the governing bodies of these banks constrained by special legal restrictions on share trading acted effectively to prevent such shares being transferred to the less wealthy members of society. We test both conjectures using the archives of an Irish joint stock bank. The results do not support Bagehot's hypothesis, but instead indicate that shares continued to be owned by wealthy individuals.unlimited liability, corporate governance, joint stock companies, banking

Korzenie doktrynalne toskańskich reform kościelnych za panowania wielkiego księcia Piotra Leopolda (1765–1790)

Under the rule of Grand Duke of Tuscany Peter Leopold there were undertaken in this Duchy some reforms of relationships between the State and the Church. The reforms reached their climax an occa sion of the Synod of Pistoia. It has been for a long time now that the historians had a concern in them. What makes up a particularly interesting but simultaneously controversial problem are the doctrinal roots of the discussed reforms. What is in dispute is the question of Italian Jansenism. The Italian his‐ torians usually emphasize that such Jansenism existed, this opinion being challenged or even rejected by some English and French historians. The latter argue that Jansenism, as fully developed theological doctrine, was detectable only in France. Likewise, these historians claim that in case of the reception of Jansenism we in fact deal only with the shallow and primitive substitution of the views articulated by the bishop of Ypres. The article tries to demonstrate that it is not possible to speak of only one in‐ tellectual tendency that decidedly affected the shape and the course of the discussed reforms. It was sometimes fairly incidental and not perfectly coherent mélange of various political, legal, theological and economic tendencies, not infrequently distant one from another, that made up the intellectual basis of the work that was focused on the change of the Church relationships in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Fray Félix María de Arriete y Llano, 1864-1879 (I)

Based in an ample documentation, this is a study about Cádiz bishop Félix María de Arrieta, his biography and his relations with regional politics. This aspect is particulary important because of the relevance that Cádiz political events in Spanish history in these years. The September Revolution began in Cádiz and here started the anticlericalism that developped during the years 1868-1874 in the whole of Spain.Documentado estudio acerca del episcopado gaditano de Félix María de Arriete. Se estudia su biografía y sus relaciones con la política regional de la época. Este aspecto es particularmente notable por la relevancia que tuvieron, en la historia de España, los acontecimientos de aquellos años en Cádiz. Aquí se inició la Revolución de Septiembre y aquí se fraguó parte del anticlericalismo que se desarrolló durante el sexenio 1868-1874. A todo esto presta detallada atención el autor

Fray Félix María de Arriete y Llano, 1864-1879 (II)

It continues the study about Cádiz bishop Félix María de Arriete, his biography and his relations with regional politics of that period. In this second part, the author explains these aspects between 1874 (Borbons' Restoration in the throne of Spain) and the bishop's renonciation and death in 1879. It is also studied his doctrinal and ideological thought.El autor continua el estudio acerca del episcopado gaditano de Félix María de Arriete. En esta segunda parte se estudia el período comprendido entre la restauración de los Borbones en la persona de Alfonso XIII y la renuncia de Arriete al episcopado y su muerte en 1879. Se examinan además los aspectos doctrinales e ideológicos de su pensamiento

How to test for partially predictable chaos

For a chaotic system pairs of initially close-by trajectories become eventually fully uncorrelated on the attracting set. This process of decorrelation may split into an initial exponential decrease, characterized by the maximal Lyapunov exponent, and a subsequent diffusive process on the chaotic attractor causing the final loss of predictability. The time scales of both processes can be either of the same or of very different orders of magnitude. In the latter case the two trajectories linger within a finite but small distance (with respect to the overall extent of the attractor) for exceedingly long times and therefore remain partially predictable. Tests for distinguishing chaos from laminar flow widely use the time evolution of inter-orbital correlations as an indicator. Standard tests however yield mostly ambiguous results when it comes to distinguish partially predictable chaos and laminar flow, which are characterized respectively by attractors of fractally broadened braids and limit cycles. For a resolution we introduce a novel 0-1 indicator for chaos based on the cross-distance scaling of pairs of initially close trajectories, showing that this test robustly discriminates chaos, including partially predictable chaos, from laminar flow. One can use furthermore the finite time cross-correlation of pairs of initially close trajectories to distinguish, for a complete classification, also between strong and partially predictable chaos. We are thus able to identify laminar flow as well as strong and partially predictable chaos in a 0-1 manner solely from the properties of pairs of trajectories.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure

Bayumas: sebuah Tijauan Historis

Salah satu sumber dapat dilihat dari babad Banyumas. Ada beberapa versi tentang babad Banyumas diantaranya: babad Pasir, Raden Baribin, Adipati Wirasaba, Tragedi hari Sabtu Pahing, Adipati Mrapat, Joko Kaiman membentuk Kabupaten Banyumas, Pembagian Daerah Kasepuhan dan Kanoman

Transgressing the Linguistic Domain: The Transformative Power of Images in Magnus Hirschfeld's Sexological Work

Transgeschlechtlichkeit war lange Zeit kein zentraler Gegenstand sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Es mangelte an historischen Informationen über transgeschlechtliche Menschen. Ein umfassendes Verständnis dieses mittlerweile breit diskutierten Phänomens erfordert jedoch die Auseinandersetzung mit seiner Geschichte. In diesem Beitrag befasse ich mich mit frühen Formen der visuellen Darstellung von Transgeschlechtlichkeit und konzentriere mich dabei auf Magnus HIRSCHFELDs Arbeiten zu sexuellen Zwischenstufen zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Mit dem Beitrag werden zwei Ziele verfolgt. Erstens diskutiere ich verschiedene, aus diskursanalytischer und Grounded-Theory-Tradition stammende methodische Programme zur Analyse und Interpretation von visuellen Daten. Zweitens untersuche ich, orientiert an einer diskursanalytischen Forschungsperspektive und den instruktiven Vorschlägen aus Adele CLARKEs Situationsanalyse (2005) folgend, den Einfluss von Bildern auf die Entwicklung des Diskurses über Transgeschlechtlichkeit. Am Beispiel von HIRSCHFELDs Bildgebrauch wird gezeigt, dass Bilder das Potenzial besitzen, die Produktion gesellschaftlichen Wissens über die sprachliche Ebene hinaus (mit) zu gestalten und zu transformieren. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis über die mittels Bilder stattfindende soziale Konstruktion von Transgeschlechtlichkeit bei. Der Beitrag endet mit einigen Vorschlägen zur Weiterentwicklung des methodischen Repertoires im Bereich der visuellen Soziologie.Transgender individuals have historically faced exclusion from social research, a systemic issue rooted in a lack of historical information. However, a comprehensive understanding of contemporary transness necessitates examining its history. In this article, I address early forms of visual representation of transness by focusing on HIRSCHFELD's sexological work on intermediate sex categories at the beginning of the 20th century. The objective of this article is twofold. Firstly, I examine visual methods derived from discourse analysis and grounded theory methodology for analyzing and interpreting images as cultural documents. Secondly, I apply a discourse-analytical research perspective and follow suggestions made by CLARKE (2005) to explore the influence of images on the development of discourse on transness. By demonstrating the diverse meanings conveyed through HIRSCHFELD's image use, which sometimes differ significantly from his written work, I illustrate that images have the potential to shape and transform social knowledge production beyond the linguistic domain. I conclude with suggestions for advancing methods in the field of visual sociology