Il Raj e le dargah: rappresentazioni dell'autorità nel Panjab tra Ottocento e Novecento. Il caso del distretto di Multan

L'enorme influenza sociale, politica ed economica dei sajjada nashin nella società panjabi, soprattutto nei distretti sud-occidentali di Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargarh eDera Ghazi Khan, è un elemento che emerge distintamente dalle osservazioni effettuate dai Britannici a partire dalla metà dell'Ottocento. Nel1901l'autore del Gazetteer di Multan scriveva: "Practically every Muhammadan (sic) in the district has his pir"; " ... the district is thickly dotted with shrines of various degrees of age and sanctity ... ". Ciò nonostante, l'articolazione da parte britannica di un linguaggio dell' autorità che permettesse l' incorporazione delle istituzioni dell'Islam panjabi nella struttura coloniale - pur nel quadro di un sostanziale accordo sulla necessità di utilizzare l'enorme influenza dei sajjada nashin ai fini del controllo della società - non fu un problema di facile soluzione

The Deceitfulness of Family Memories on World War I – the Case of Turudić Family (Posavski Podgajci, Syrmia)

U ovom radu cilj je pokazati s kakvim se sve problemima istraživač može susresti tražeći podatke o vojniku poginulom tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata. Budući da je riječ o običnom vojniku iz sela Posavski Podgajci u Srijemu, koji vrlo vjerojatno nije imao časnički čin, njegov primjer primjenjiv je na pretežiti dio vojnog kontingenta Austro-Ugarske Monarhije široko izvan područja današnje Republike Hrvatske.The objective of this paper is to show the problems a researcher is confronted with while searching for data on a soldier who died during World War I. As it is an ordinary soldier from the village Posavski Podgajci in Syrmia that is concerned, one who most likely did not possess a military rank, his example can be applied to the majority of the military contingent of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy far outside the area of the Republic of Croatia at the present time. The only hope to clarify the fate of Luka Turudić can be found in the documents of military units kept by the Austrian State Archive (Österreichisches Staatsarchiv) at the Vienna War Archives (Kriegsarchiv). Involved are huge amounts of archive materials sent by the military units to the headquarters during World War I; even the archivists find it hard to manage the materials, particularly because the materials are not organized according to contemporary archive standards but have been kept more or less in their original form. The interest in participants of World War I, aroused by the commemoration of the 100th anniversary 2014-2018, caused the archivists in Vienna to tighten the regulations concerning the access of archival materials, particularly the vital records; however, the time limits have now expired and all archival materials from World War I should be accessible to users. Without these data it is impossible to find out where a certain regiment was stationed in a certain period of time considering that our current knowledge on fierce battles during the entire years 1915 and 1916 in some segments of the huge Russian battleground is simply too general. Military cemeteries of Austro-Hungarian soldiers are widely scattered over the former theatres of war in Galicia, Bukovina and Prykarpattia; many of these soldiers were members of predominantly Croatian units. It is unknown whether Croats were buried in most of the cemeteries which is why the cemetery Glibovki/Hlibovki is unique. Some of the cemeteries were maintained by the locals, particularly if they were situated near villages; however, a great number of them were exposed to the ravages of time and today no traces can be found of them. Despite the legislation of the successor states and the rules of international law, cemetery maintenance for fallen soldiers from World War I today comes down to just a few representative examples, whereas the rest of them are maintained by individuals who aim to stimulate the successor states to take charge of them. Records on the final resting places of fallen Croatian soldiers probably do exist somewhere, probably even in Vienna, however, they have not been the subject of systematic research. Without these records it is not possible to determine the burial sites; to locate them would at long last cast light on the fates of participants of World War I, which is the most important concern of the families of the fallen soldiers. The example of the Turudić family and their ancestor provides clear evidence of this. Although the family maintained the tradition of Grandmother Eva’s brother, a misunderstanding occurred in regard to his name. It became apparent that, instead of searching for Antun, the search should have been for his firstborn son Luka Turudić (born in 1895) whom, despite all our efforts, we have not been able to find in any of the accessible records of fallen soldiers. A similar fate probably applies to numerous participants in the war, meaning that we will not be able to create a complete list of fallen soldiers, only try to create one as complete as possible. The accuracy of this list will be questionable: the research into the fate of just one family has shown how inaccurate the casualty records are. In these lists two family members are registered as dead although both survived the war, while one who evidently did not is not mentioned at all, not even as a casualty or PoW. This altogether casts a shadow of doubt on the purpose of creating such lists; however, only the micro level research (family, village or parish) will show the (un)reliability of the conducted macro level assessments (certain geographical regions or the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) at this time available to the researchers of World War I

АУСТРОУГАРСКИ ВЕЛЕИЗДАЈНИЧКИ СУДСКИ ПРОЦЕСИ

Six years prior the Banja Luka Process in 1909 in Zagreb a large high-treasonous lawsuit was organized against Adam and Valerijan Pribićević as well as against another fifty one Serbs. The extension of Zagreb high-treasonous process was Friedjung Process in Vienna. This process was named after the professor of the University of Vienna Heinrich Friedjung. Alois Aehrenthal, the Austro-Hungarian foreign Minister submitted against him numerous false documents that were forged in the Austrian consulate in Belgrade in accordance with Minister János Forgách. On the 3rd of November 1915 in the crowded great hall of Girls’ College in Banja Luka the trial began. The chairman of this trial was Judge Koloman Milec and also there were the jury members who had the right to vote - Dr. Julius Ansion and Mayer Hoffman. Dr. William Koenig who was the prosecutor was reading the indictment for days. Koenig began his speech that was well known to the defendants. The very reading of the indictment required a lot of effort and patience from the prosecutors Dr. William Koenig and Ziga Pinter, having in mind that it had 262 pages printed in large paper format. With the reading of the indictment began a large court process which was known in history as the Banja Luka High-treasonous Process. The world public, especially the professors from the distinguished universities were very surprised by the actions of the Austro-Hungarian occupation authorities that staged such a monstrous court process accusing for high treason a large part of Serbian intelligence in Bosnia and Herzegovina in late 1915, the time when its military forces achieved successes and had a great offensive in the Balkans, when Austro-Hungarian Empire was convinced that Serbia will lose the war. All of the contested national organizations by their opinion were also accused. It was much harder with an organization like Prosvjeta which was practically invulnerable because of its complete legality and transparence of action. At the beginning of the 20th century there were no more than 24 Serbs with university education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prosvjeta was the one that helped to build up the modern Serbian intelligentsia in the provinces. This was a broad covered organization and in 1911 it had a network of 79 subcommittees, 266 commissioners and several thousand of helping members. By the beginning of the war this educational organization has schooled 127 students at international universities and 220 high school students. This changed the ratio of Serbian and non-Serbian intellectuals significantly and the domination of Catholic intellectuals was weakened. In 1913 there were 319 Catholic, 100 Muslim and 265 Orthodox graduated students. The trial of the whole organization in Banja Luka Process was really inappropriate and it was argued on the premise that the secretary of this organization allegedly practiced subversive propaganda. The main goal of these high-treasonous processes was to abolish the institutions that created such powerful and aware national intelligentsia. Pašić tried to engage the Dutch government and other friends in Europe in order to ensure amnesties after Banja Luka Process. Pašić had received the news from Paris that the Spanish king had sent a second telegram to Vienna in favor of the Banja Luka convicts upon the intersession of some French Catholic intellectuals. Then the news came from the Vatican that the papal Nuncio was at the audience with the Austrian emperor and that the subject of their discussion was an amnesty for the ‘high traitors‘; however, no news came from the Nuncio. This was the reason why the Vatican demanded a report from the Nuncio who on the 1st of March replied that he made a heartwarming application for an amnesty on the behalf of the Pope, yet that he didn’t receive any response from the Austrians. Finally, on the 28th of March 1917 Pašić received a telegram from Madrid stating that 16 death inmates from Banja Luka Process were amnestied. Pašić and Nikola Stojanović respectfully, in a sort of a sobbing note thanked the King of Spain on behalf of the entire Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the families of amnestied convicts. Text of the Austrian Emperor’s telegram to the Spanish king Alfonso XIII said: “In response to your wish and with sincere joy because I have the right to amnesty, I abolished the death penalty to 16 Bosniaks”.Овај рад је покушај аутора да укаже на правно и политичко насиље над грађанима Босне и Херцеговине од стране Аустроугарске монархије кроз организовање велеиздајничких просеца у Загребу, Бечу и Бања Луци, као шест ђачких процеса у градовима БиХ. Ови процеси су усмерени против целокупног српског нарада, с циљем да се оптужи за изазивање Великог рата, те да се та одговорност искористи за брзу ликвидацију српског националног покрета. Аустроугарске власти су оцениле да се, без обзира на околности, мора одлучно наступити против „оног дела Срба који су непријатељски расположени према царству”. Оцењено је да је „само један мали део Срба из Босне и Херцеговине заиста лојалан, други део, који је врло велики, настоји да остави ут-исак лојалности, а трећи мањи део је отворено непријатељски и ан-тидинастички расположен”. Сматрали су да би се овај последњи део могао брзо намножити, „ако би се показала било каква слабост”. У том циљу организована насумична примена насиља над Србима у Босни и Херцеговини и у Хрватској. Тако је организовано масовно хапшење Срба након Сарајевског атентата, којима је суђено на Бањалучком велеиздајничком процсу. Организовано је шест судских процеса против ђака основних и средњиш школа у Босни и Херцеговини. Процес Пјанић-Љубибратић је први судски процес у Европи против деце који је организовала аустроугарска власт у Босни и Херцеговини

Therapy discontinuation or substitution in patients with cardiovascular disease, switching among different products of the same off-patent active substance: a 'real-world' retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the effects of switching to different products of the same off-patent active substance (brand name or generic) on therapy discontinuation or substitution with another molecule of the same class, in patients with cardiovascular disease treated with statins and antihypertensives in a 'real-world' setting. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study in a 'real-world' setting. SETTING: Analysis of data performed by integrating administrative databases that included approximately two million individuals who are assisted by the National Health System from three Local Health Units located in three different regions of Italy. PARTICIPANTS: All patients aged 6518\u2005years with at least one prescription of simvastatin, ramipril or amlodipine in the period 1 January to 31 December 2010 were included and followed up for 2\u2005years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prescription refills occurring during follow-up were evaluated. Frequency of discontinuation of therapy or substitution with another molecule of the same class (eg, from simvastatin to a different statin) during follow-up was identified. RESULTS: During follow-up, therapy discontinuation or substitution was found to be more frequent in patients switching to a different product of the same active substance compared with non-switching patients (11.5% vs 10.8% and 22.2% vs 20.8% (p=0.002), respectively, in the simvastatin group; 4.0% vs 3.5% and 24.6% vs 22.7% (p<0.001), respectively, in the amlodipine group). In the ramipril group, 8% of patients undertook a therapy substitution to another molecule; no trend towards a lower percentage of substitution was observed in the non-switching group, while 18% of patients discontinued treatment, with a significant difference in favour of patients not switching. These findings were partially confirmed by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Switches among products of the same active substance are quite common in patients with cardiovascular disease. Our study suggests that switching may expose patients to a higher risk of therapy discontinuation or substitution

Fundamental change of circumstances in contract law

Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-263).Parties to a contract base their consensus on the facts known to them at the time of contracting - should there be an unforeseen change in these circumstances, it may no longer be just for one party to enforce the agreement against the other. Because the losses and gains consequent upon a change in circumstances occur by chance, it is not fair to place the resultant burden on one party alone

The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies

Ten million soldiers died during the First World War. But why, and for what reason? The Great War is widely seen as a pointless carnage (Pope Benedict XV). Was there a point, at least in the eyes of the political and military decision makers? International specialists analyse the hopes and expectations of the political and military leaders and try to explain why the contemporaries thought that they had to fight the Great War

The Purpose of the First World War

Ten million soldiers died during the First World War. But why, and for what reason? The Great War is widely seen as a "pointless carnage" (Pope Benedict XV). Was there a point, at least in the eyes of the political and military decision makers? International specialists analyse the hopes and expectations of the political and military leaders and try to explain why the contemporaries thought that they had to fight the Great War

The metamorphosis of warfare in first-hand: Lt. Col. Emilio Kinkelin’s chronicles (1914-1918)

El primero de los conflictos de alta intensidad y de expansión global en todos los sentidos –no sólo geográfico– impactó de forma medular en la teoría y praxis de la resolución de cuestiones políticas mediante el uso de la violencia controlada. La Gran Guerra afectó no solo el proceso de toma de decisiones, la organización de las fuerzas armadas y el empleo de los recursos tecnológicos, sino que modificó el ideario militar, provocando el resquebrajamiento de un estilo de mando, planeamiento, coordinación y dirección de las operaciones sostenido durante años. A los ojos de los militares que combatieron y de quienes observaron las batallas desde distintos ámbitos, las dimensiones del enfrentamiento armado ya no serían las mismas. Este artículo se propone analizar las transformaciones de las prácticas y las concepciones del fenómeno bélico a raíz de la Gran Guerra y algunas de las lecturas que produjeron, desde la experiencia del Teniente Coronel Emilio Kinkelin, corresponsal de guerra del diario La Nación. Su formación profesional hizo de él un observador idóneo de la metamorfosis de la guerra. Asimismo, merced a sus contactos en el ejército alemán, recorrió el frente occidental y el oriental, brindando un cuadro más completo de la contienda.The first high-intensity and global reach conflict had a fundamental impact on the theory and practice of solving political issues using controlled violence. The Great War affected not only the decision-making process, the organization of the armed forces and the use of technological resources, but also changed the military thinking, undermining a style of command, planning, coordination, and management of operations maintained for many time. In the ese of combatant military men and those who observed the battles from different areas, the dimensions of the armed conflict would no longer be the same. This article aims to analyze the transformations of the practices and conceptions of the war phenomenon due to the Great War and some of the interpretations it provoked from Lieutenant Colonel Emilio Kinkelin’s experience. He acted as a war correspondent for the newspaper La Nación. His professional training made him an ideal observer of the metamorphosis of warfare. Also, thanks to his contacts in the German army, he toured the Western and Eastern Fronts, providing a more complete picture of the conflict.Fil: Dalla Fontana, Luis Esteban. Universidad de la Defensa Nacional. Facultad del Ejercito. Escuela Superior de Guerra.; ArgentinaFil: Tato, María Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"; Argentina. Universidad de la Defensa Nacional. Facultad del Ejercito. Escuela Superior de Guerra.; Argentin